Lower heating value ethanol

Methanol, ethanol, 2-propanol, and butanol have the general chemical formula C H2n+iOH (n= 1 for methanol, n = 2 for ethanol, n = 3 for 2-propanol, and = 4 for butanol), and the lower heating values (LHV) of each alcohol are 20.094, 26.952, 30.680, and 34.366 MJ/kg biofuel, respectively (Wright et al., 2006). These alcohols can be generated from different biomasses in biorefineries. The heating values... 

These commercial copolymers are more flexible than SAN and have lower Tt and lower heat deflection temperature values than commercial PS. These copolymers are resistant to aqueous solutions of most nonoxidizing acids alkalis, and salts. Copolymers of styrene and butadiene are soluble in aliphatic hydrocarbon liquids but are insoluble in polar liquids, such as ethanol. 

The oxygen content of ethanol lowers its stoichiometric air-fuel ratio relative to gasoline in proportion to the difference in heating value. 

Butanediol, otherwise known as 2,3-butylene glycol (2,3-BD), is a valuable chemical feedstock because of its application as a solvent, liquid fuel and as a precursor of many synthetic polymers and resins. With a heating value of 27,200 J/g, 2,3-BD conq>ares favorably with ethanol (29,100 J/g) and methanol (22,100 J/g) for use as a liquid fuel and fUel additive (213). Dehydration of 2,3-BD yieldsthe industrial solvent methyl ethyl ketone which is much more suited as a fuel because of its much lower boiling point. Further dehydration yields... 

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