Low-Power Standard Cells

The standard cell uses MnOj as the cathode with ammonium chloride as the electrolyte, and this cell is known as a Zn-Cl or an alkaline battery. The C-Zn batteries are not satisfactory for electrical devices, such as tape recorders and disc players, high-resolution automatic cameras, flash units, and certain toys, because they are not able to provide electrical energy needed for satisfactory and reliable operation. Because of power hmitations of C-Zn batteries, alkaline batteries are widely used by low-power devices. Typical characteristics of C-Zn and alkaline batteries are summarized in Table 1.12. 

The shelf life for medium- and high-power alkaline batteries is roughly three to six years depending on the power rating. Alkaline batteries offer very long lives and 

Battery Category Energy per Unit Volume (Wh/L) Energy per Unit Weight (Wh/kg) Shelf Life (yr.) 

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