Loss triangle

Kremer s proposal, like those of Giiell and Fischbaum, stands midway between patents and grants.24 One of the objections raised by The Economist to Kremer s proposal is that the government would end up paying more than the consumer surplus and the welfare loss (triangles ABC and pp1 A in Figure 2.1). In the face of this situation, the new method would be clearly detrimental because it would force a tax increase to pay for the patent. Furthermore, the international nature of patents would require the existence of some kind of international coordination, not an easy task to accomplish. We are dealing, therefore, with a theoretical proposal that needs further contributions. 

Figure 2.5 Loss triangle, number versus magnitude.

Figure 14. Storage ( , circles) and loss ( , triangles) moduluses of a gluten -water mixture from a strain sweep test carried out at 28 (open symbols) and 43 °C (full symbols), and I rad s-1 frequency (modified from [101]).

In order to estimate the welfare loss we must be able to quote a monopoly price (p1 in Figure 2.1) and also an estimate of the price as it would have stood had the sector been competitive (p2 in Figure 2.1). We also need an estimate of the demand curve in order to know what quantity consumers would buy at each price, q1 when the price is px and q2 when it is p2. A monopoly situation involves a shift from B to point A, which causes a welfare loss equivalent to triangle ABC. 

Following a similar reasoning, the reader can see that when pharmaceuticals are subsidized to the extent that patients pay only half the price, the welfare loss is as shown by the hatched triangle A CD in Figure 7.1. 

Figure 2. The temperature drop from the inlet to the outlet of the measuring channel due to heat losses versus the mean air temperature. Experiments with four 3 mm thick (open circles), three 6 mm thick (triangles), and two 10 mm thick asbestos sheets (filled dots). (Reproduced with permission from ref. 10. Copyright 1989 De Gruyter.)...

Fig. 1.3 Relaxation map of polyisoprene results from dielectric spectroscopy (inverse of maximum loss frequency/w// symbols), rheological shift factors (solid line) [7], and neutron scattering pair correlation ((r(Q=1.44 A )) empty square) [8] and self correlation ((t(Q=0.88 A" )) empty circle) [9],methyl group rotation (empty triangle) [10]. The shadowed area indicates the time scales corresponding to the so-called fast dynamics [11]...

Fig. 4.30 Arrhenius plot of the characteristic frequencies (corresponding to the maximum of the dielectric loss) for PIB of the a- (filled triangle) and j0-relaxation (filled circle). The solid line represents a fit with an Arrhenius law. Dashed-dotted and dashed lines are the temperature laws shown in [135] for the a-relaxation and the secondary relaxation observed by NMR respectively. The squares correspond to the characteristic rates of the j0-process obtained from the quasi-elastic INI6 spectra and the thick solid line shows those deduced from the analysis of the elastic intensities (Reprinted with permission from [195]. Copyright 1998 American Chemical Society)...

Rgure 4.4. The plateau storage modulus (small solid symbols) and the minimum of the loss modulus G (small open symbols) as a function of the effective oil volume fraction. a = 0.25 um (circles), a = 0.37 j,m (triangles), a = 0.53 um (squares), and a = 0.74 qm (diamonds). The large circles are the measured values for the osmotic pressure. All data are normalized by yint/a (Adapted from [10].)... 

FIGURE 8.6 Loss of S02 and increase in HCHO as a function of S02 in the C2H4-03-S02 reactions. Triangle AS02/AC2H4 solid circle AAHCHO/AC2H4 (adapted from Hatakeyama and Akimoto, 1994). 

Figure 8.6 Collisions of ultracold molecules in a quasi-2D geometry. Presented are the rates of the loss of molecules from an optical lattice trap occurring due to chemical reactions. The squares represent the reactions of molecules prepared in the same (translational and internal) quantum states the circles are for collisions of molecules in different translational states but the same internal states the triangles are for molecules in different internal states. Adapted with permission from Ref. [1].

When there are more than two factors, the possible interactions increase. With three factors there can he three, two-way interactions (1 with 2,1 with 3, and 2 with 3), and now one three-way interaction (a term in Xj X2 X3). The numbers and possible interactions build up like a binomial triangle (table 3.1). However, these higher order interactions are not likely to be significant, and the model can be made much simpler without loss of accuracy by ignoring them. The minimum number of experiments needed to establish the coefficients in equation 3.3 is the number of coefficients, and in this model there is a constant, k main effects and Vzk [k— 1) two-way interaction effects. 

Fig. 4.6. Doubled extinction angle 2y (closed triangles) and doubled orientation angle 2% (open circles and triangles) as function of shear rate q, and loss angle 6 as a function of angular frequency (closed circles, connected by dashed lines) for the melts of two polypropylene samples. Data of samples are given in Table 3.3. Measurement temperature 210° C (36)...

Fig. 9 PCB accumulation in Lake Ontario sediment, modified from [ 14]. The left plot shows the downward shift in the PCB peak as cleaner sediment accumulates at the sediment water interface and older sediment is buried. The right plot shows that the peak of the PCB accumulation rate occurred in 1970 and that peak is retained over time. The core collected in 1981 (filled triangles) was analyzed for 25 congeners while the core collected in 1990 (open circles) was analyzed for 85 congeners. When corrected for the same congeners, there is no evidence of PCB decay or loss from the sediments over the 9-year period...

All reactive power requirements are not necessary in every situation. Any electrical circuit or device when subjected to an electrical potential develops a magnetic field that represents the inductance of the circuit or the device. As current flows in the circuit, the inductance produces a voltage that tends to oppose the current. This effect, known as Lenz s law, produces a voltage drop in the circuit that represents a loss in the circuit. At any rate, inductance in AC circuits is present whether it is needed or not. In an electrical circuit, the apparent and reactive powers are represented by the power triangle shown in Figure 6.1. The following relationships apply ... 

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