Long spacing

Figure 12 Electrical resistivity of PET fiber versus mean long spacing.

Other evenings, Labovsky watched Carothers slip into depression. His speech would become strained and slow, with long spaces between comments. Then he might drift back into his office, have a drink perhaps, and sleep overnight on a cot in an adjacent walk-in closet. When he was depressed, he was a very sad human being, Labovsky said. He was just pathetic to look at. ... 

In the Z-type deposition film, however, the long spacing of 7.2 nm did not agree with the predicted value of 3.9 nm rather, it was the same value as that of the Y-type deposition film. This result demonstrates that the Z-type film does not possess the Z-type layer structure but the Y-type layer structure. It should be assumed that the molecules were turned over in the deposition process and formed the Y-type layer structure, since the Z-type layer structure in which a hydrophilic group touches on a hydrophobic group is unstable. The conclusion from the examination of long spacings well supports molecular orientations in the LB films determined from the linear Stark effect measurements. From the linear Stark effect and the X-ray diffraction measurements, it is demonstrated that the hetero Y-type deposition method is useful for fabrication of stable noncentrosymmetric LB films. 

LB film Absorption Edge (nm) Long Spacing (nm) xfa (107esu)... 

Note The long spacing is usually measured by small-angle x-ray or neutron diffraction. 

And then they went to Lawe and leste I should condem them all protracting out the tyme long space they lett the matter falle. ... 

COLE (W.F.), 1966. A study of a long-spacing mica-like mineral. Clay. 

Joanny and Leibler obtained the same result to Eqs. (4.11), (4.13), and (4.18) for weakly charged polyelectrolyte solutions. The long spacing D of the concentration fluctuation is given by... 

Differential thermal analysis was performed with the DuPont 900 differential thermal analyzer the heating rate was usually 10°C. per minute. To determine heats of reaction, the calorimeter attachment to the Du Pont instrument was employed. Planimeter determinations of peak areas were converted to heat values by using standard calibration curves. For the infrared spectra either a Beckman IR5A instrument or a Perkin Elmer 521 spectrophotometer with a Barnes Engineering temperature-controlled chamber, maintained dry, was used. Specimens for infrared were examined, respectively, as Nujol mulls on a NaCl prism or as finely divided powders, sandwiched between two AgCl plates. For x-ray diffraction studies, the acid-soap samples were enclosed in a fine capillary. Exposures were 1.5 hours in standard Norelco equipment with Cu Ko radiation. For powder patterns the specimen-to-film distance was 57.3 mm. and, for long-spacing determinations, 156 mm. 

For example, in a PVA film whose crystallinity and long spacing are 0.4 and 10 nm respectively, the thickness of the amorphous layer is approximately 6 nm. Although this is only an example, it may be useful to take these dimensions of the structure into consideration. 

It must be that iodine is sorted to be much condensed in the amorphous layers, and a substantial number of which participate in the complex formation, while in the interfibrillar space the soaking solution may take up part of the water which existed before soaking, and complex formation is hardly expected there. The increase in the SAXS intensity of the long spacing peak in Fig. 3 seems to support the condensation of the iodine in the amorphous layers. This means that most of the complex form in the amorphous layers with participation of tie chains. The change of Young s modulus of the specimens takes place so slowly that it lasts for 10 hours, which is related to some reinforcement of the chain networks due to the release of water and complex formation. 

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