Regulation liver

The liver regulates the blood glucose after a meal because it contains the high-AJj glucokinase that promotes increased hepatic utilization of glucose. 

Bile salts are exclusively synthesized in the liver (see A). The slowest step in their biosynthesis is hydroxylation at position 7 by a 7-a-hydroxylase. Cholic acid and other bile acids inhibit this reaction (end-product inhibition). In this way, the bile acids present in the liver regulate the rate of cholesterol utilization. 

Tan, Z. Bruzik, K.S. Shears, S.B. Properties of the inositol 3,4,5,6-tetrakis-phosphate 1-kinase purified from rat liver. Regulation of enzyme activity by inositol 1,3,4-trisphosphate. J. Biol. Chem., 272, 2285-2290 (1997)... 

In the Liver, Regulation Gives Priority to Formation of Structural Lipids Over Energy-Storage Lipids... 

Glycogen Metabolism in the Liver Regulates the Blood-Glucose Level... 

Gebhardt, R. Metabolic zonation of the liver regulation and implications for liver function. Pharm. Ther. 1992 53 275-354... 

Hanssinger, D. Liver regulation of acid-base balance. Min. Electr. Metab. 1997 23 249 -252... 

Kimball SR, Antonetti DA, Brawley RM, Jefferson LS. 1991. Mechanism of inhibition of peptide chain initiation by amino acid deprivation in perfused rat liver. Regulation involving inhibition of eukaryotic initiation factor 2a phosphatase activity. J Biol Chem 266 1969-1976. 

Alvaro D, Benedetti A, Marucci L et al (2000) The function of alkaline phosphatase in the liver regulation of intrahepatic biliary epithelium secretory activities in the rat. Hepatology 32 174-184... 

How does the liver regulate blood glucose levels ... 

Lipid and carbohydrate metabolism occur to different extents in different organs. The liver regulates the flow of metabolites to brain, muscle, and adipose tissue and ultimately controls the concentration of blood glucose. Adipose tissue is the major storage depot for fatty acids. Triglycerides... 

The liver regulates blood glucose levels under the control of the hormones insulin and glucagon. When blood glucose levels are too high, insulin stimulates the uptake of glucose... 

Apparently verapamil is metabolized so rapidly that only the rate of delivery to the liver regulates its disappearance, ie, it is blood flow-limited. Further increases in liver enzymes could not increase its elimination. However, the rate of elimination of phenytoin is apparently limited by its rate of metabolism since clearance is much less than hepatic blood flow. Therefoiie, the clearance of phenytoin can rise if some agent causes an increase in liver enzymes. The answer is (C). 

PAH catalyzes the first step of phenylalanine degradation, and the reaction converts the essential amino acid phenylalanine to tyrosine. Rat liver PAH (RLPAH) has been extensively studied. Recently bacterial PAH from Chromobacterium violaceum (CVPAH) has also been studied. Because the hydroxylation is irreversible and the enzyme activity is very high in most animal liver, regulation is required. Phenylalanine and the reaction cofactor, BPH4, are regulators as well as substrates. Phenylalanine is an activator and converts the enzyme from an essentially inactive, Ei, to an active form, Ea, by binding... 

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