Lithography electrochemical

Santos, L., Martin, P., Ghilane, J., Lacaze, P.C., Randriamahazaka, H., Abrantes, L.M., et al. Electrosynthesis of well-organized nanoporous poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) by nanosphere lithography. Electrochem. Commun. 12, 872-875 (2010)... 

On the way to more reliability in device fabrication, Kronholz et al. reported on the reproducible fabrication of protected metal nanoelectrodes on silicon chips with <30nm gap width and their electrochemical characterization [33]. For the fabrication of the chips, an optical lithography step and two electron-beam steps are combined (Figure 18). 

Simeone FC, Albonetti C, Cavallini M (2009) Progress in micro- and nanopatteming via electrochemical lithography. J Phys Chem C 113 18987-18994... 

Ni-YSZ cermets deposited by RF sputtering (230 nm) were found to have micro-structural features consisting of columnar grains 13 to 75 nm long and 9 to 22 nm wide, and showed good adhesion to the YSZ layer on which they were deposited [128], In a three-layer Ni-YSZ-Ni film deposited on NiO by RF sputtering in another study, the YSZ layer exhibited a columnar structure with some pinholes [129], Microstructural and electrochemical features of Pt electrodes patterned by lithography on YSZ have also been studied [130,131]. 

Lithography With the STM Electrochemical Techniques. The nonuniform current density distribution generated by an STM tip has also been exploited for electrochemical surface modification schemes. These applications are treated in this paper as distinct from true in situ STM imaging because the electrochemical modification of a substrate does not a priori necessitate subsequent imaging with the STM. To date, all electrochemical modification experiments in which the tip has served as the counter electrode, the STM has been operated in a two-electrode mode, with the substrate surface acting as the working electrode. The tip-sample bias is typically adjusted to drive electrochemical reactions at both the sample surface and the STM tip. Because it has as yet been impossible to maintain feedback control of the z-piezo (tip-substrate distance) in the presence of significant faradaic current (vide infra), all electrochemical STM modification experiments to date have been performed in the absence of such feedback control. 

Conventional SERS substrates typically have disordered nanoscale features, such as that found in electrochemically roughened Au or Ag surfaces.170 SERS substrates can also be rationally designed by lithography, by self-assembly, or a combination of the two. Both supramolecular and nanoscale self-assembly methods can be used to fabricate two-dimensional Au nanoparticle arrays with tunable optical properties.33 171172 For example, macrocyclic surfactants based on resorcinarenes (a subclass... 

In 2002, Burghard and coworkers described an elegant method for the electrochemical modification of individual SWCNTs [177]. To address electrically individual SWCNTs and small bundles, the purified tubes were deposited on surface-modified Si/Si02 substrates and subsequently contacted with electrodes, shaped by electron-beam lithography. The electrochemical functionalization was carried out in a miniaturized electrochemical cell. The electrochemical reduction was achieved by reduction of 4-N02C6H4N2+BF4 in DMF with NBu4+BF4 as the electrolyte (Scheme 1.27a), anodic oxidation was accomplished with aromatic amines in dry ethanol with LiC104 as the electrolyte salt (Scheme 1.27b) [177]. 

B. Lochel, A. Maciossek, H.J. Quenzer and B. Wagner, Ultraviolet depth lithography and galvanoforming for micromachining, J. Electrochem. Soc., 143... 

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