Lithium olivines

Padhi AK, Nanjundaswamy KS, Goodenough JB. Phospho-olivines as positive-electrode material for rechargable lithium batteries. J Electrochem Soc. 1997 144(4) 1188—94. 

Reversible electrochemical lithium deintercalation from 2D and 3D materials is important for applications in lithium-ion batteries. New developments have been realized in two classes of materials that show exceptionally promising properties as cathode materials. The first includes mixed layered oxides exemplified by LijMn Nij, Co ]02, where the Mn remains inert to oxidation/reduction and acts as a framework stabilizer while the other elements carry the redox load. Another class that shows much potential is metal phosphates, which includes olivine-type LiFeP04, and the NASICON-related frameworks Li3M2(P04)3. 

Since the pioneering work of Padhi et al., numerous studies dedicated to improving the electrochemical characteristics of the phospho-olivines have been undertaken. Among the different phospho-olivine materials studied for use in lithium-ion rechargeable cells, the most promising phosphate is LiFeP04, and recently Chung et al. have shown that it is possible to enhance the electronic... 

Padhi, A.K., Nanjundaswamy, K.S., and Goodenough, J.B., Phospho-olivines as positive-electrode materials for rechargeable lithium batteries, J. Electrochem. Soc., 144, 1188, 1997. 

Amine, K., Yasuda, H., and Yamachi, M., Olivine LiCoP04 as 4.8 V electrode material for lithium batteries, Electrochem. Solid State Lett, 3, 178, 2000. 

Chung, S.-Y, Bloking, J.T., and Chiang, Y.-M., Electronically conductive phos-pho-olivines as lithium storage electrodes, Nat Mater., 1, 123, 2002. 

S.-Y. Chung, IT. Bloking, and Y.-M. Chiang, Electronically conductive phospho-olivines as lithium storage electrodes, Nature materials, vol. 1, no. 2, pp. 123-128, 2002. 

Phospho-olivine compotmds containing Co or Ni also exist. LiCoP04 exhibits electrochemical activity at about 4.8 V versus Li/LU [219, 220]. LiNiP04 is predicted to discharge at about 5.1 V in a lithium cell, but appears to be nearly completely inactive [221]. Neither of these is likely to be used as cathodes for lithium-ion batteries in the near term in part because of the very high voltages needed to charge the materials, which present a number of practical problems. 

Omng S-Y, Bloking JT, Oiiang Y-M (2002) Electronically craiductive phospho-olivines as lithium storage electrodes. Nat Mater 1 123-128... 

Islam MS, Driscoll DJ, Fisher CAJ, Slater PR (2005) Atomic-scale investigation of defects, dopants, and lithium transport in the LiFeP04 olivine-type battery material. Chem Mater 17 5085-5092... 

Yamada A, Chung S-C (2001) Crystal chemistry of the olivine-type Li(MnyFei y)P04 and (MhyFei y)P04 as possible 4 V cathode materials for lithium batteries. J Electrochem Soc 148 A960-A967... 

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