Lithium history

But lithiums history goes back much further. In fact, it was one of three elements, along with hydrogen and helium, that were created in the immediate aftermath of the Big Bang billions of years ago. But lithium does not remain in space for long. Lithium is destroyed in stars where the temperature exceeds several million degrees, which is the temperature found in most of them. However, lithium has proved useful to astronomers for distinguishing... 

Of all the piezoelectric crystals that are available for use as shock-wave transducers, the two that have received the most attention are x-cut quartz and lithium-niobate crystals (Graham and Reed, 1978). They are the most accurately characterized stress-wave transducers available for stresses up to 4 GPa and 1.8 GPa, respectively, and they are widely used within their stress ranges. They are relatively simple, accurate gauges which require a minimum of data analysis to arrive at the observed pressure history. They are used in a thick gauge mode, in which the shock wave coming through the specimen is... 

Abstract. The observations of light elements (Lithium and Beryllium) in Globular Cluster (GC) stars are reviewed. Light element observations in GC are very powerful tracers of mixing processes in the stellar interior and shed new light on the GC formation history. 

Lithium is effective for acute mania, but it may require 6 to 8 weeks to show antidepressant efficacy. It may be more effective for elated mania and less effective for mania with psychotic features, mixed episodes, rapid cycling, and when alcohol and drug abuse is present. Maintenance therapy is more effective in patients with fewer episodes, good functioning between episodes, and when there is a family history of good response to lithium. It produces a prophylactic response in up to two-thirds of patients and reduces suicide risk by eight- to 10-fold. 

Unlike the anode-targeted additives discussed in the preceding part, the additives intended for cathode protection have a much longer history than lithium ion technology itself and were originally developed for rechargeable cells based on lithium metal anodes and various 3.0 V class cathode materials. 

Geller, B., Cooper, T.B., Zimerman, B., Frazier, J., Williams, M., Heath, J., and Warner, K. (1998) Lithium for prepubertal depressed children with family history predictors of future bipolarity a double-blind, placebo-controlled study. / Affect Disord, 51 165-175. 

Are childhood psychiatric histories of bipolar adolescents associated with family history, psychosis, and response to lithium treatment / Affect Disord 51 153-164. 

This case report (Figures 6-4Ato 6-4C) (McDermut et al. 1995) of selective response to dihydropyridine CCBs but not a phenylalkylamine CCB is of considerable interest in relationship to the patient s history of nonre-sponsivity to multiple tricyclic antidepressants, the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, lithium, carbamazepine (the patient developed drug-induced hepatitis on carbamazepine and was unable to be evaluated), alprazolam, trazodone, and phenelzine. This suggests that patients with refractory mood disorders may have differential responses to various CCBs and that nonresponse to one CCB does not preclude response to another CCB, particularly if the other CCB is from a different category (Table 6-3). 

Brunet et al. (1990), in an open study, reported positive antimanic effects of nimodipine in six patients with acute mania. Our results showed a much lower response rate, ffowever, our patients were much more refractory by history, were treated in a tertiary referral research center, and generally showed a higher incidence of rapid, ultrarapid, and ultradian cycling patterns than in more traditional studies. Our results, however, are consistent with those of Manna (1991), who reported equal long-term efficacy of nimodipine and lithium monotherapy and greater efficacy on a combination of the two drugs than on either drug alone. 

Other factors associated with poor lithium response in mania include a history of prior lithium failure and a diagnosis of schizoaffective disorder. Bowden et al. [1994b] observed in a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of patients with acute mania that those with a history of lithium response improved on lithium in this trial, whereas those with a history of prior lithium failure did not. Patients with a diagnosis of schizoaffective disorder may respond less well to lithium than patients with bipolar disorder, although this has not been extensively studied [Keck et al. 1994, for review]. 

Several studies suggest that valproate is effective in patients with a history of lithium treatment failure. In the study by Pope et al. [1991), 71% of patients receiving valproate exhibited an antimanic response, even though all of the patients had a history of lithium treatment failure or intolerance. Sixty-four percent of the patients with rapid-cycling bipolar disorder studied by Galabrese and Delucchi [1990) had a history of lithium failure, and the majority of these subsequently responded to valproate. Similarly, the six patients with rapid-cycling bipolar disorder described by McElroy et al. 

Bowden et al. [1994b] observed that a history of lithium nonresponse predicted lithium nonresponse, but not valproate nonresponse. Taken together, these studies suggest that a history of lithium nonresponse does not predict valproate nonresponse. Notably, no studies have examined whether a history of valproate treatment failure predicts future valproate or lithium response. 

Consensus Development Panel 1985] confirmed that lithium salts were efficacious and should especially be considered for those considered unipolar but with a family history of bipolar disorder, because perhaps as many as 15% of patients with unipolar depression do subsequently experience hypomania or mania. Lithium may be the ideal maintenance agent for such uncertain patients for whom there is concern that administration of antidepressants may precipitate highs or increase the frequency of cycling and for those who dislike side effects of some antidepressant groups. 

Kantor SJ, Glassman AH Delusional depression natural history and response to treatment. Br J Psychiatry 131 351-360, 1977 Kao KR, Ehnson RP Dorsalization of mesoderm induction by lithium. Dev Biol 132 81-90, 1989... 

Although the histories of chemistry devote hut little space to the work of J. A. Arfwedson, the discoverer of lithium, Berzelius correspondence, travel-diary, and autobiography contain much interesting information about him. The superb biography of Berzelius which H. G. Soderbaum completed near the close of his life also throws much light on Arfwedson s chemical activity. 

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