Lithium association

Stoll AL, Locke CA, Vuckovic A, et al. Lithium-associated cognitive and functional deficits reduced by a switch to divalproex sodium a case series. J Clin Psychiatry 1996 57 356-359. 

Alkyllithium compounds as well as polymer-lithium associate not only with themselves but also with other alkalimetal alkyls and alkoxides. In a polymerization initiated with combinations of alkyllithiums and alkalimetal alkoxides, dynamic tautomeric equilibria between carbon-metal bonds and oxygen-metal bonds exist and lead to propagation centers having the characteristics of both metals, usually somewhere in between. This way, one can prepare copolymers of various randomness and various vinyl unsaturation. This reaction is quite general as one can also use sodium, rubidium or cesium compounds to get different effects. 

A woman with lithium-associated hyperthyroidism lost 2 kg over 3 months, suggesting that lithium may have indirectly caused the weight loss (648). 

Jefferson JW. Lithium-associated clinical hypothyroidism. Int Drug Ther Newsl 2000 35 84-6. 

Leutgeb U. Ambient iodine and lithium associated with clinical hypothyroidism. Br J Psychiatry 2000 176 495-6. 

Depoot I, Van Imschoot S, Lamberigts G. Lithium-geasso-cieerde hyperthyroi die. [Lithium-associated hyperthyroidism.] Tijdschr Geneeskd 1998 54 413-6. 

Dang AH, Hershman JM. Lithium-associated thyroiditis. Endocr Pract 2002 8(3) 232-6. 

Yamagishi S, Yokoyama-ohta M. A case of lithium-associated hyperthyroidism. Postgrad Med J 1999 75(881) 188-9. 

Abdullah H, Bliss R, Guinea Al, Delbridge L. Pathology and outcome of surgical treatment for lithium-associated hyperparathyroidism. Br J Surg 1999 86(l) 91-3. 

Dwight T, Kytola S, Teh BT, Theodosopoulos G, Richardson AL, Philips J, Twigg S, Delbridge L, Marsh DJ, Nelson AE, Larsson C, Robinson BG. Genetic analysis of lithium-associated parathyroid tumors. Eur J Endocrinol 2002 146(5) 619-27. 

Lam P, Tsai S-J, Chou Y-C. Lithium associated hyperparathyroidism with adenoma a case report. Int Med J 2000 7 283-5. 

Hundley JC, Woodrum DT, Saunders BD, Doherty GM, gauger PG. Revisiting lithium-associated hyperparathyroidism in the era of intraoperative parathyroid hormone monitoring. Surgery 2005 138 1027-31. 

Buchachenko (1974) has advanced another theory. He based his reasoning on the absence of the CIDNP signals for the reaction of //-butyl iodide with t-butyl lithium conducted in ether at -70°C. The halogen and metal quickly exchange under these conditions, but the C—C bond does not form. In contrast to the preceding scheme, Buchachenko s theory assumes that the radicals produced form complexes with the alkyl lithium associates. Alkyl... 

A 59-year-old man was noted to have tachycardia, a shortened QT interval, and nonspecific ST-T changes, while hospitalized with lithium-associated hypercalcemia (137). 

There have been scattered reports of lithium-associated myasthenia gravis, paresthesia, somnambulism (161), seizures and electroencephalographic abnormalities, confu-sional states, and a reversible Creutzfeldt-Jakob-like syndrome (162). One report rather inconclusively suggested that lithium caused periodic alternating nystagmus in a 61-year-old man (163). 

Lithium-associated changes in kidney morphology include an acute, reversible, and possibly lithium-specific distal tubular lesion and a chronic, nonspecific, and tubulointerstitial nephritis (379). The differential diagnosis of the latter is extensive, and it is not clear if lithium is causative. Lithium received a brief mention in a review of tubulointerstitial nephritis (379). 

Nephrotic syndrome (proteinuria, edema, hypoalbumine-mia, hyperlipidemia) is a rare and idiosyncratic complication of lithium therapy it usually resolves on withdrawal, and can recur on rechallenge (397,398). Lithium-associated nephrotic syndrome occurred in a 59-year-old woman with lithium toxicity (serum concentration 1.9 mmol/1) whose renal biopsy showed focal segmental glomerulosclerosis. Lithium withdrawal led to resolution of edema and marked improvement in proteinuria and albuminemia (398). 

A 59-year-old woman with lithium-associated nephrotic syndrome (focal segmental glomerulosclerosis on biopsy) had resolution of edema and pleural effusions and marked improvement in albuminemia and proteinuria after withdrawal of lithium (398). 

The 1997 Annual Report of the American Association of Poison Control Centers Toxic Exposure Surveillance System listed nine lithium-associated deaths and provided some clinical details in seven cases, including serum concentrations of 2.4-7.8 mmol/1 (444). 

Akkerhuis GW, Nolen WA. Lithium-associated psoriasis and omega-3 fatty acids two case reports. Bipolar Disord 2002 4 117. 

Grover S, Gupta N. Lithium-associated anencephaly. Can J Psychiatry 2005 50(3) 185-6. 

Use the lowest dose of lithium associated with adequate therapeutic response... 

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