Lithium Asians

Lithium presents yet another model of ethnic variation in side effects and response. It is well established that African Americans show a higher red blood cell (RBC) to plasma ratio of lithium concentration when compared to Asians and... 

Strickland TL, Lawson WB, Lin K-M Interethnic variation in response to lithium therapy among African-American and Asian-American populations, in Psychopharmacology and Psychobiology of Ethnicity. Edited by Lin K-M, Poland RE, Nakasaki G. Washington, DC, American Psychiatric Press, 1993, pp 107-123... 

Yamamoto J, Fung D, Lo S, et al Psychopharmacology for Asian Americans and Pacific Islanders. Psychopharmacol Bull 15 29-31,1979 Yang YY Prophylactic efficacy of lithium and its effective plasma levels in Chinese bipolar patients. Acta Psychiatr Scand 71 171-175,1985 Zhou HH, Koshakji RP, Silberstein DJ, et al Altered sensitivity to and clearance of propranolol in men of Chinese descent as compared with American whites. N Engl J Med 320 565-570,1989 Ziegler VE, Biggs JT Tricyclic plasma levels effects of age, race, sex and smoking. JAMA 238 2167-2169,1977... 

In the fourth chapter, Drs. Edmond H. Pi and Gregory E. Gray review the pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, and sociocultural influences on the psychotropic responses among Asian American populations. Particular consideration is given to anti-psychotics, antidepressants, benzodiazepines, and lithium. The authors stress the importance of prescribing the lowest possible effective dose, to minimize untoward side effects and thus ensure treatment compliance. 

Another example of PD differences is that of reports on lithium in the manic phase of bipolar depression. Asian patients, including Japanese, are reported to have therapeutic blood levels at 0.5-0.8 m.eg/1 compared to required levels in US Caucasian patients of 0.8-1.2 m.eg/1 (Takahashi, 1979 Jefferson et al., 1987 Yang, 1987) these findings, however, are disputed by Chang et al. (1985). African-Americans require less drug, but this is because of higher levels due to a slower clearance rate than Caucasians (Lin et al., 1986 Jefferson et al., 1987). 

R288 L. Cristofolini and M. P. Fontana, Vibrational Properties and Phase Transitions in Lithium Doped Fullerides , Asian J. Phys., 2000,9, 609 R289 T. A. Cross and J. R. Quine, Protein Structure in Anisotropic Environments Development of Orientational Constraints , Concepts Magn. Reson., 2000,12, 55... 

Huang, X. D., B. Sun, S. Q. Chen, and G. X. Wang. 2014. Self-assembling synthesis of free-standing nanoporous graphene-transition-metal oxide flexible electrodes for high-performance lithium-ion batteries and supercapacitors. Chemistry - An Asian Journal 9 206-211. 

Reversal of the order of introduction of the two alkyl groups was then tested. Starting from 29 it was straightforward to prepare DIPED (l-chloroethyl)boronate (30) and convert it into the 1-methylbutyl intermediate 31 by treatment with propylmag-nesium chloride (Scheme 8.6). (Dichloromethyl)lithium insertion and ethylation readily yielded 32, which was oxidized to (3R,4S)-4-methyl-3-heptanol (33) (99.8% di-astereopurity), which is the trail pheromone of the southeast Asian ponerine ant Lep-togenys diminuta [13]. The pheromone activity of 33 was 500 times greater than that of any of the other stereoisomers [31]. 

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