Literature, ancient Greek

Cairns, D. (1993), Aidas The Psychology and Ethics of Honour and Shame in Ancient Greek Literature, Oxford University Press. 

C. R. Beye. 1915. Ancient Greek Literature and Society. Garden City, NY Anchor Press. 

Mixing these levels of terminology is difficult to avoid when the issue of smallest particles is introduced arising from the question of the division of a portion of matter is it possible to repeatedly and endlessly divide a piece of copper If the answer at the end of the discussion is that there are limits, then the result usually shows a smallest possible matter part. The ancient Greeks in Democritus circle spoke of atoms probably meaning the smallest indivisible part of matter. If one critically researches the earlier literature, one will probably also see many of our chemists and physicists transferring the well-known characteristics of matter to atoms or molecules. 

Cadmium was discovered in 1817 by the German investigator Friedrich Stromeier. The name cadmium was taken from the ancient Greek word for zinc oxide. Toxic effects of cadmium in mammals were reported as early as 1858 by Sovet and 1867 by Marme. An extensive literature has now accumulated on the adverse effects of cadmium on viirious tissues in man and animals (see reviews by Friberg et al., Fassett, Fleischer et Samarawickrama ). 

There can be no doubt that the nitrum of ancient writings must have been in some cases an alkaline carbonate, which in their nomenclature was confused with saltpetre. It is not known when saltpetre was definitely recognized as something different from the ordinary nitrum. It is commonly supposed that saltpetre was a component of Greek fire invented near the end of the seventh century. The first definite reference to saltpetre appears in literature in connection with the preparation of gunpowder. Albertus Magnus and Roger Bacon, of the thirteenth century, both refer to this salt, and probably both derived their information from... 

It is Arabian alchemy that preserved the traditions and literature of the Alexandrian-Greek alchemists, derived from the Syrians during the long period when the culture of Christian Europe was inhospitable to its development. From such Syrian and Arabian manuscripts as have been preserved and examined, it does not appear that during the centuries of their alchemical activity any very notable additions were made to the practical chemistry known to the ancients of the times of Pliny, Dioscorides or the writers of the Theban papyri. Nor was the development of the theories of matter and its changes in the direc-... 

Macroemulsions have been known for thousands of years. The survey of ancient literature reveals that the emulsification of beeswax was first recorded in the second century by the Greek physician, Galen (1). Macroemulsions are mixtures of two immiscible liquids, one of them being dispersed in the form of fine droplets with diameter greater than 0.1 ym in the other liquid. Such systems are turbid, milky in color and thermodynamically unstable (i.e. the macroemulsion will ultimately separate into two original immiscible liquids with time). Since the early 1890s, extensive and careful studies have been carried out on macroemulsions and several excellent books have been written on various aspects of formation and stability of these systems (2,10). In addition, several theories and methods of macroemulsion formation have been discussed in the recent articles (13 ... 

There are no Biblical references to cacao. Romans and Greeks celebrated their festivals without the foaming bowl of chocolate. The Egyptians and Hindus lay no claim to its use. Although so many other literary references go back to the ancient Chinese pharmacopoeia, that source fails to bridge the gap with either myth or fact in the case of cacao. Medieval literature is deadly silent. 

In contrast, development of the oilseed and root forms of B. napus appears to be relatively recent. The Greeks and Romans knew of the 8. napus swede or rutabaga root crops however, reference to these forms does not appear in the ancient literature, and wild populations of B. napus have not been found (Prakash and Hinata, 1980). Because the species is the result of an interspecific cross between B. campestris and B. oleracea, it could only arise where the two parental species were growing in close proximity. Since the distribution of wild B. oleracea was confined to the Mediterranean area, it is generally agreed that B. napus originated in Southern Europe. 

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