List of symbols

Faj mass flow rate of component A in stream i (kg/s) Xi mol fraction of i in the liquid phase 

Qi volumetric flow rate of stream i (m /s) [A], mass (molar) concentration of A at time t 

Archimedes number Area of bed cross section Membrane surface area per cell, n Particle diameter Heat capacity Dispersion coefficient Gas diffusivity Bubble phase fraction Emulsion phase fraction Activation energy for hydrogen permeation Gravitational acceleration ( = 9.81) Enthalpy of species j Enthalpy of component i at temperature T at position x 

Permeation flux through membrane Reaction rate constant for i-th reaction Bubble-to-cloud phase mass transfer coefficient for component I in cell n Bubble-to-emulsion phase mass transfer coefficient for component i in cell n Cloud-to-emulsion phase mass transfer coefficient for component i in cell n Adsorption constant for CO Equilibrium constant for y-th reaction 

Interphase mass transfer coefficient Molar mass for component i Average molar mass Partial pressure for component i Pre-exponentional factor for permeation of Pd membrane Radial coordinate Universal gas constant ( = 8.3145) 

Reaction rate for y-th reaction Inner tube radius Source/sink term for heat balance Source/sink term for mass balance Time 

Temperature Mixture velocity Superficial gas velocity Volume 

Ccaf C. Bulk concentration, concentration of catalyst, concentration of species at equilibrium, concentration at surface mol m  

McGlashan, MX. (1970) Manual of symbols and terminology for physicochemical quantities and units. Pure Appl. Chem., 21, 1-44. 

Wedler, G. (1982) Lehrbuch der Physikalischen Chemie, Verlag Chemie, Weinheim. 

Roulet, R. (2004) Elements Fonda-mentaux de Chimie (ed. EPFL), Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne. 

(1988) Homogene Katalyse, Akademie-Verlag, Berlin. 

To avoid introducing unfamiliar and exotic symbols, it has sometimes been necessary to use the same symbol with two or more different meanings. However, the context should always make the identification clear. The following list does not include all the various subscripts which are used in certain special applications. Numbers identify chapter and equation where, or near where in the accompanying text, each symbol is introduced. (If not introduced in an equation, the location is identified by a section number, like D3.) 

E 11 46 activation energy in modified free volume theory, or 

Gn 2 A3 shear modulus associated with entanglement network (in 

Gs 2 A3 cross-linked systems) glasslike shear modulus 

These properties are compiled in tables and are annotated in many cases with reference to previous critical compilations and reviews, where references to the original hterature may be found, and augmented with references to more recent references or those otherwise not included in the compilations and reviews. The selection of the data included in the tables is the responsibility of the author of this book, and it was attempted to select the data critically. No attempt was made, however, to be exhaustive of the profusion of available data nor was it attempted to be comprehensive at aU. The data that are presented in the Tables are discussed in terms of the physicochemical effects behind these data. Where appropriate, methods to predict such data from other information on the ionic liquids or their constituent ions or at least to make appropriate correlations with such information were presented. 

Chemical species and units of physical quantities are denoted by Roman type characters, whereas physical quantities that can be expressed by numerical values are denoted by Greek or italics characters. Mathematical symbols have their usual meaning and are not listed here. The same symbol is used for an extensive property of a system and for the molar quantity of a constituent of the system. The SI systems of physical units is used throughout, but some extra-SI ones commonly used in the physicochemical literature are also included where they simplify the notation. These include the symbols °C for centigrade temperatures (77K - 273.15). 

Helmholz energy, molar Helmholz energy (in J mol ) thermodynamic activity of species X Tait expression temperature-dependent parameter activation energy for process x (tj, k, A, or D) cohesive energy (in kJ mol ) cohesive energy density (in MPa) 

Ax change of quantity for process x a Kamlet-Taft hydrogen bond donation abdity of solvent 

P Kamlet-Taft electron pair donation ability of solvent 

Cj- = total gas phase concentration Cl = gas phase CO concentration C2 = gas phase O2 concentration 

Ogl gas-liquid mass transfer area to reactor volume relation c concentration D diffusion coefficient 

R reaction rate s catalyst particle shape factor t time (min) 

Pb catalyst particle density Pp catalyst particle density V stoichiometric coefficient, dimensionless 

A-p Total area per unit volume (area/m ) fiiD Size distribution (mass/m ) 

M(L) Cumulative populatitm density on a mass basis (mass/m ) 

V Velocity vector (subscript i is intemal variable, subscript e is external variable) 

Conversion factor for length Pa Conversion factor for area Pv Conversion factor for volume T Mean residence time (time) 

Randolph, A. D., and Larson, M. A., Theory of Particulate Processes. Academic Press, New York, 1971. 

Eriksson, K. Hack and S. Petersen, ChemApp - A Programmable Thermodynamic Calculation Interface , in Werkstaffwoche 96, Sjmiposium 8 Simulation, Modellierung, Informationssysteme, J. Hirsch (ed), DGM Informationsgesellschaft Verlag, 1997. 

van Hoorn, J. T. van Konyenburg and P.J. Kreyger, in Role of Slag in Basic Oxygen Steelmaking, W.-K. Lu (ed), McMaster University Press, Hamilton, Ontario, 1976. 

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Table 13.16 provides the list of symbols and abbreviations used. 

Figure 9 The schematical representation of dispersion polymerization process, (a) initially homogeneous dispersion medium (b) particle formation and stabilizer adsorption onto the nucleated macroradicals (c) capturing of radicals generated in the continuous medium by the forming particles and monomer diffusion to the forming particles (d) polymerization within the monomer swollen latex particles, (e) latex particle stabilized by steric stabilizer and graft copolymer molecules (f) list of symbols.

A lack of an explicit concentration value indicates, that the value of iip c did not depend upon the concentration. DR = Double layer repulsion method, H = Hardness measurements, T = Tensammetiy (for details see text). See also list of symbols. 

Met. = Method. EC = electrocapillary method, PC = electrode capacitance measured with a pulse method, T = ten-sammetry. See also list of symbols. 

Met. = Method. C = chronocoulometry, CC = corrosion current method, EC = Electrocapillary method, EL = Ellipsometric method, IR = Infrared spectroscopic method, CV = cychc voltammetry, RT = Radiotracer method, T = Tensammetry, TF = Thin film resistance, WL = weight loss method. When a combination of methods was used aU methods are listed separated by slashes. See also list of symbols. 

CP = current-potential curves CV = cyclic voltammetry EXI VA = derivative cyclic voltabsorptometry IP = impedance method. See also list of symbols. 

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