Liquid velocity experimental setup

Liu et aU622] used a laser Doppler velocity and size (LDVS) measurement technique to determine the local size, velocity, and number flow density of droplets in the spray cone during spray deposition of a liquid steel. The experimental setup is schematically depicted in Fig. 6.7.1615] The measured results showed that smaller... 

To clarify the mutual interactions between the gas bubbles and its surrounding liquid flow (mostly turbulent) in a bubbly flow, information of bubble s shape and motion is one of the key issues as well as the surrounding liquid velocity distribution. Tokuhiro et al. (1998, 1999) enhanced the PIV/LIF combination technique proposed by Philip et al. (1994) with supplementation of SIT to simultaneously measure the turbulent flow velocity distribution in liquid phase around the gas bubble(s) and the bubble s shape and motion in a downward flow in a vertical square channel. The typical experimental setup of the combination of PIV, LIF, and SIT is shown in Figure 14. The hybrid measurement system consists of two CCD cameras one for PIV/LIF (rear camera) and the other for SIT (front). The fluorescent particles are Rhodamine-B impregnated, nominally 1-10 pm in diameter with specific density of 1.02, and illuminated in a light sheet of approximately 1 mm thickness (Tokuhiro et al., 1998,1999). The fluorescence is recorded through a color filter (to cut reflections) by the rear camera. A shadow of the gas bubble is produced from infrared LEDs located behind the gas bubble. A square "window" set within the array of LEDs provides optical access for... 

Prins and Clint et al. developed a method of contact angle measurement for macroscopic flat foam films formed in a glass frame in contact with a bulk liquid. They measured the jump in the force exerted on the film at the moment when the contact angle is formed. A similar experimental setup was used by Yamanaka for measurement of the velocity of motion of the three-phase contact line. 

The droplet properties influencing droplet collisions are liquid physical properties as well as the size, velocity and trajectories of the droplets. From this we may conclude on the requirements to an experimental setup suitable for use in experimental studies of drop coUisirMis. The equipment must include ... 

With Equations 7.71 and 7.72, the system of equations relevant to a given experimental setup can be solved to give the surface rheological coefficients. The deep channel viscometer of Mannheimer and Schechter (1970) is popular and also provides a very nice instance where the complete solution to the equations of motion is available. A sketch of the apparatus is shown in Figure 7.5. A cylindrical annulus is filled with two liquids A and B. The annulus is held stationary and the floor rotated with a constant angular velocity S2. Also, and are the inner and the outer radii of the annulus in the cylindrical coordinate system and designates the position of the interface. It is seen here that and V0B are the only nonzero velocity components in the two phases, that they are functions of r and z only, and that the pressures satisfy the hydrostatic equilibrium equations. The solution to the equations of motion subject to the conventional boundary conditions are... 

Figure 8 Mechanical analog of the SFA experimental setup used for measurements of friction forces Fo. A block of mass m which is confining a thin liquid film of hexadecane between atomically smooth mica is pulled laterally at velocity v. The lateral forces, F, are measured with an elastic...

Plug flow was further investigated in various channel sizes of different material for both liquid-liquid flow systems, i.e. ionic liquid-deionised water (Table 4.1), and TBP/ionic liquid (30 % v/v)-nitric acid solutions (Table 3.2). Experiments were carried out at various mixmre velocities (0.0028-0.067 m s ) and volume fractions (eil = 0.4-1). In the Teflon channels plug flow was established in all cases with the aqueous phase flowing as non-continuous plugs within the TBP/ionic liquid phase (30 %, v/v) (carrier phase), whilst in the glass microchannel experiments were carried out with the aqueous phase as the carrier fluid as well. The experimental procedure and the techniques followed for these measurements are explained in Sects. 3.4 and 3.5. The setup used for the measurements is shown in Fig. 3.2. 

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