State of matter liquids

Percus J K 1982 Non uniform fluids The Liquid State of Matter Fluids, Simple and Complex ed E W Montroll and J L Lebowitz (Amsterdam North-Holland)... 

B. Hafskjold and G. Stell, in The Liquid State of Matter, edited by E. W. Montroll and J. L. Lebowitz, North-Holland, Amsterdam, 1982. 

Thus, specific interactions directly determine the spectroscopic features due to hydrogen bonding of the water molecules, while unspecific interactions arise in all or many polar liquids and are not directly related to the H-bonds. Now it became clear that the basis of four different processes (terms) used in Ref. [17] and mentioned above could rationally be explained on a molecular basis. One may say that specific interactions are more or less cooperative in their nature. They reveal some features of a solid state, while unspecific interactions could be understood in terms of a liquid state of matter, if we consider chaotic gas-like motions of a single polar molecule, namely, rotational motions of a dipole in a dense surroundings of other molecules. The modem aspect of the spectroscopic studies leads us to a conclusion that both gas-like and solid-state-like effects are the characteristic features of water. In this section we will first distinguish between the following two mechanisms of dielectric relaxation ... 

Deposition is the opposite of sublimation. It occurs when a gas changes into a solid. In both of these phase changes, the liquid state of matter is skipped altogether. Instead of a solid melting into a liquid and then becoming a gas, as is more common, the solid skips directly to the gaseous state and vice versa. 

In Section IV the computer simulation is extended to describe the effects of excitation in chiral molecules and racemic mixtures of enantiomers. The modification of the dynamical properties brought about by mixing two enantiomers in equimolar proportion may be explained in terms of rotation-translation coupling. The application of an external field in this context ai iplifies the difference between the field-on acf s and cross-correlation of enantiomer and racemic mixture and provides a method of studying experimentally the fundamental phenomenon of rotation-translation coupling in the molecular liquid state of matter. 

According to Maciel [22] "The availability of high-resolution NMR techniques for solids permits the use of NMR as a structure-determination bridge between the solid and liquid states of matter". Structural information is provided which is not available from X-ray diffraction. For decomposition studies, variable temperature facilities are required. Haw [20] has described the problems associated with such measurements, including rotor design and also temperature measurement and control. 

Johannes Diderik van der Waals (1837-1923) was a Dutch physicist. He was bom in Leiden, the son of a carpenter, and was largely self-taught when he entered the University of Leiden, where he earned a Ph.D. He was a professor of physics at the University of Amsterdam from 1877 to 1903. He won the 1910 Nobel Prize for his research on the gaseous and liquid states of matter. 

Volatility. The vapour tension of a given substance is a value which can be used for estimating its relative tendency to evaporate from the solid or liquid state of matter to form vapour. Since, at a given temperature, the volatility is proportional to the vapour tension, this value is also immediately related to the substance s mobility in the medium. Substances with a vapour tension at 25°C below 10 Pa are considered non-volatile. Those with a vapour tension between 10 to 10 Pa at this temperature exhibit an intermediate volatility. Substances with a vapour tension of above 10 Pa at 25°C are strongly volatile and are readily mobile in the medium in the form of vapours. 

Every matter can be formed by transmutation between these. fThis is principally correct if the four elements are interpreted as being the gaseous, solid and liquid states of matter, and fire interpreted as being energy.)... 

Although the kinetic-molecular theory was developed to explain the behavior of gases, the model also applies to liquids and solids. When applying the kinetic-molecular theory to the solid and liquid states of matter, you must consider the forces of attraction between particles as well as their energy of motion. 

Such a billiard-ball model of a simple liquid, initiated by J.D. Bernal, has dominated theoretical studies/approaches towards the liquid state of matter for half a century. Such a billiard-ball model, and its generalization to include non-spherical shapes, works not only for liquid argon and krypton, but also for many liquids such as methane, ethane, and carbon tetrachloride, to name a few. However,... 

Coalescence results in a new spherical particle of compound volume, while the total surface area is decreased. In order for this to happen the particles must be in the liquid state of matter this means that the glass transition temperature must be lower than the reaction temperature, and that coagulation must be preceded. 

Both the continuous and the disperse phase can be composed of different components. Of particular importance is the liquid state of matter, i.e. the existence of a certain short-range order but no long-range order. In this sense, both the continuous and the disperse phase can be a polymer solution. This is of some importance in the following. Emulgere (Latin) to milk out. 

Andrews, T., (1869) On the continuity of gaseous and liquid states of matter, Phil Trans. 159, 575. 

Chandler D (1982) In Montroll E, Lebowitz J (eds) The liquid state of matter Fluids, simple and complex. North Holland, p 275 (Studies in Statistical Mechanics, vol VIII)... 

In this review, we are interested in the ESR signal of stable free radicals (spin probes) dissolved in liquid environments with particular reference to water. The key question to be addressed is the effectiveness of the spin probe as transmitter to supply information on the host. First studies of paramagnetic solutes in liquids involved copper chelates in organic solvents [10] and transition ions in solution [11] with attempts to describe the ESR lineshape as being influenced by the Brownian tumbling motion of the paramagnet in the liquid state [12]. Subsequent theoretical refinements in the case of fast reorientation [13,14] (see also Refs [4,15]) with clear experimental confirmation [16] and further extension and experimental validation of the theory of the ESR lineshape to arbitrary reorientation rates [17-21] paved the way to the quantitative use of ESR to characterize the liquid state of matter. 

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