Liquid or Gaseous Hydrocarbons

Normally, liquid and gaseous hydrocarbons are a mixture of many different hydrocarbons. For example, gasoline consists of a mixture of 40 different hydrocarbons. Most liquid hydrocarbons like gasoline, kerosene, diesel, and so on are derived from crude oil by distillation or cracking processes each type is characterized by its distillation curve. The distillation curve is obtained by slowly heating the crude so that each hydrocarbon element vaporizes and condenses. The more volatile component is vaporized first. 

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Petroleum engineers are traditionally involved in activities known in the oil industry as the front end of the petroleum fuel cycle (petroleum is either liquid or gaseous hydrocarbons derived from natural deposits—reservoirs—in the earth). These front end activities are namely exploration (locating and proving out the new geological provinces with petroleum reservoirs that may be exploited in the future), and development (the systematic drilling, well completion, and production of economically producible reservoirs). Once the raw petroleum fluids (e.g., crude oil and natural gas) have been produced from the earth, the back end of the fuel cycle takes the produced raw petroleum fluids and refines the.se fluids into useful products. 

Synthesis gas is prepared by the steam reforming or partial oxidation of a liquid or gaseous hydrocarbon feedstock, or by direct combination of carbon dioxide wilh purified hydrogcn-ricli gases. Economic considerations usually favor the steam-re form mg route for a naphtha or natural gas... 

This series also shows a development from a solid to a liquid and then finally to a gaseous state energy carrier. Hydrogen occurs on Earth chemically bound as H2O in water and some is bound to liquid or gaseous hydrocarbons. The production of hydrogen by means of electrolysis consumes electricity, which is physical... 

Thermal maturation The alteration of sedimentary organic matter by the effects of heating. Maturation implies that the altered OM reaches a stage where its thermal breakdown will produce liquid or gaseous hydrocarbons. 

Blau gas syn. Fischer-Tropsch gas, synthesis gas, water gas is a mixture of carbon monoxide and hydrogen gas generated from passing steam over hot coal (the word blau, an obsolete word for blow, is derived from this action). The mixture is used to generate liquid or gaseous hydrocarbons and was developed by German chemists, Fischer and Tropsch. 

Carbon blacks are essentially elemental carbon and are produced by thermal decomposition or partial combustion of liquid or gaseous hydrocarbons to carbon and hydrogen. The principal types, according to their method of production, are channel black, furnace black, and thermal black. 

Carbon black is a special form of carbon obtained through partial combustion of liquid or gaseous hydrocarbons. It can be used as a black pigment (particle dimensions of 15-20 pm), as an improver of electrical conductibility (particle dimension 17, 24, and 90 pm), and as a filler/reinforcement material (particle dimension 23-28 pm) [2, 5, 63]. 

In 1958, UOP introduced a catalyst based process to accelerate the oxidation of mercap-tans to disulfides at or near ambient temperature. The process, which is licensed by UOP as the Merox process, is used to remove mercaptans from liquid or gaseous hydrocarbon streams. It operates by either converting the mercaptans to less objectionable disulfides in the flowing stream or removing the mercaptans with a caustic wash and then converting them to disulfides (Staehle et al., 1984). Only the approach involving both caustic absorption and subsequent oxidation to disulfides is applicable to gas purification. 

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