Liquid death

U.S. Department of Transportation (DOT) statistics on liquids pipelines operated under the Code of Federal Regulations (49) indicate that corrosion was the second largest contributor to accidents and failures for the period from 1982 to 1991. These statistics covered an average of 344,575 km of liquids pipelines and were derived from required reports to DOT on all pipeline accidents involving loss of at least 7.95 m3 of liquid, death or bodily harm to any person, fire or explosion, loss of at least 0.8 m3 of highly volatile liquid, or property damage of 5000 or more (50). Similar results were also reported for 1991 in the 1992 DOT/OPS report on both oil and gas pipeline incidents 62 out of 210 oil pipeline incidents were due to corrosion, of which 74% were due to external corrosion (43). For gas pipelines, 16 of all 71 reported incidents were due to corrosion, of which 63% were reported as due to internal corrosion however, internal corrosion of gas pipelines is likely only if C02 and H20 and/or H2S are present, as with unprocessed gas in gathering lines. 

Even though Ni(CO)4 is called liquid death, this nickel catalyst has been applied in carbonylation reactions [52]. The group of Ricart reported a nickel-catalyzed carbonylative cycloaddition of alkynes and aUyl hahdes to cyclopentanes. The desired products were obtained in high yields and with controlled stereoselectivity. Iron was used as a reductant. An extension of the reaction to new substrates led to the conclusion that, although the steric and electronic effects of the alkyne substituents are generally irrelevant in relation to the adducts and their yields, those of the allylic counterpart may have a significant influence on the outcome of the reaction. However, the presence of the amine moiety in the alkyne completely inhibited the reaction. The feasibility of a multicentered reaction was verified with a triacetylene, in which up to 12 bonds were created simultaneously and in good yield (Scheme 1.30). 

Hydraziae is toxic and readily absorbed by oral, dermal, or inhalation routes of exposure. Contact with hydraziae irritates the skin, eyes, and respiratory tract. Liquid splashed iato the eyes may cause permanent damage to the cornea. At high doses it can cause convulsions, but even low doses may result ia ceatral aervous system depressioa. Death from acute exposure results from coavulsioas, respiratory arrest, and cardiovascular coUapse. Repeated exposure may affect the lungs, Hver, and kidneys. Of the hydraziae derivatives studied, 1,1-dimethylhydrazine (UDMH) appears to be the least hepatotoxic monomethyl-hydrazine (MMH) seems to be more toxic to the kidneys. Evidence is limited as to the effect of hydraziae oa reproductioa and/or development however, animal studies demonstrate that only doses that produce toxicity ia pregaant rats result ia embryotoxicity (164). 

LC50 The ealeulated eoneentration of a substanee that eauses death in 50% of a test population under preseribed eonditions in a preseribed period of time (normally expressed as ppm or mg/m for gases, mg/1 for liquids). 

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