Liquid advantages

Sensitiveness to shock. It was Nobel [77] who first established in 1869 that crystalline nitroglycerine is significantly less sensitive to shock than the liquid. Advantage was taken of this property (Mo wbrey [78]), in transport. The sensitiveness of nitro-... 

Appearance Free-flowing, off-white liquid Advantages ... 

Park S, Kazlauskas RJ (2003) Biocatalysis in ionic liquids — advantages beyond green. Curr Opin Biotechnol 14 432-A37... 

Park, S., Kazlauskas, R. J. (2003). Biocatalysis in ionic liquids-advantages beyond green technology. Curr. Opin. BiotechnoL, 2,14, (August 2003) 432-437, ISSN 0958-1669... 

The maximum-likelihood method is not limited to phase equilibrium data. It is applicable to any type of data for which a model can be postulated and for which there are known random measurement errors in the variables. P-V-T data, enthalpy data, solid-liquid adsorption data, etc., can all be reduced by this method. The advantages indicated here for vapor-liquid equilibrium data apply also to other data. 

Gas-liquid mixtures are sometimes reacted in packed beds. The gas and the liquid usually flow cocurrently. Such trickle-bed reactors have the advantage that residence times of the liquid are shorter than in countercurrent operation. This can be useful in avoiding unwanted side reactions. 

Another factor that can be important in the design of evaporators is the condition of the feed. If the feed is cold, then the backward-feed arrangement has the advantage that a smaller amount of liquid must be heated to the higher temperatures of the second and first stages. 

Scrubbers. Scrubbers are designed to contact a liquid with the particle-laden gas and entrain the particles with the liquid. They offer the obvious advantage that they can be used to remove gaseous as well as particulate pollutants. The gas stream may need to be cooled before entering the scrubber. Some of the more common types of scrubbers are shown in Fig. 11.2. 

Note that in liquid phase chromatography there are no detectors that are both sensitive and universal, that is, which respond linearly to solute concentration regardless of its chemical nature. In fact, the refractometer detects all solutes but it is not very sensitive its response depends evidently on the difference in refractive indices between solvent and solute whereas absorption and UV fluorescence methods respond only to aromatics, an advantage in numerous applications. Unfortunately, their coefficient of response (in ultraviolet, absorptivity is the term used) is highly variable among individual components. 

On metals in particular, the dependence of the radiation absorption by surface species on the orientation of the electrical vector can be fiilly exploited by using one of the several polarization techniques developed over the past few decades [27, 28, 29 and 30], The idea behind all those approaches is to acquire the p-to-s polarized light intensity ratio during each single IR interferometer scan since the adsorbate only absorbs the p-polarized component, that spectral ratio provides absorbance infonnation for the surface species exclusively. Polarization-modulation mediods provide the added advantage of being able to discriminate between the signals due to adsorbates and those from gas or liquid molecules. Thanks to this, RAIRS data on species chemisorbed on metals have been successfidly acquired in situ under catalytic conditions [31], and even in electrochemical cells [32]. 

These advantages include (a) Speed of assembly, (b) Well-fitting joints as these are made to accurate standards and joints of any given size are thus interchangeable, (c) Accurate alignment of assembly, for the use of incorrectly bored corks is obviated, d) Freedom from contamination of liquids by cork and rubber. 

The transference of a liquid from one vessel to another is best carried out by means of a dropping pipette A (Fig. 30). For measuring out a definite volume of liquid it is obviously an advantage to have a calibrated pipette B (Fig. 30) of i or 5 ml. total capacity. Alternatively, semi-micro burettes reading to 0 02 ml. are particularly convenient for class work. 

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