Liquefaction continued effects

Continuous Short Residence Time Experimentation After determining the effect of Light SRC addition to a conventional SRC-I operation, experimentation moved to determining the effect of Light SRC addition on short residence time coal liquefaction performance ... 

Effect of Recycle on Liquefaction and Product Distribution. It Is Important that the product oil from a coal liquefaction process should have a low viscosity so that It could be used for preparing coal-oll slurries for recycling In a continuous liquefaction process. The product oil should also exhibit reactivity or solvency for the coal so that the viscosities do not deteriorate with prolonged recycling operation. 

The solution to Problem 2.33 shows that the Joule-Thomson coefficient can be expressed in terms of the parameters representing the attractive and repulsive interactions in a real gas. If the attractive forces predominate, then expanding the gas will reduce its energy and hence its temperature. This reduction in temperature could continue until the temperature of the gas falls below its condensation point. This is the principle underlying the liquefaction of gases with the Linde refrigerator, which utilizes the Joule-Thomson effect. See Section 2.12 for a more complete discussion. 

Mechanical Relief Devices. The water seals discussed above in Section 9.1.10.1 are effective only at very low differential pressures. After the compression of chlorine, and particularly in liquefaction and storage systems, more conventional relief devices, rupture discs and pressure relief valves, are used. With some fluids, there is a simple choice to be made between discs and valves. While the former are less likely to permit bypassing of small quantities of fluid, they are destroyed when they open. A release will continue even after the pressure on the system drops below the set point of the disc. Relief valves have the opposite characteristics. 

Dispersed catalysts are defined as heterogeneous catalysts flowing alrnig with the reactants in a reactor system. The residence time of catalyst and reactants are thus equivalent and consequently, a continuous renewal of the catalyst-reactant interface is afforded. They demonstrate their usefulness in case of competitive fast deactivation or when accessibility of reactants to catalyst surface is hampered by feed characteristics. This kind of situation typically correi nds to heavy feeds processing, and effectively, the use of dispersed catalysts is practically limited to coal liquefaction and petroleum residues conversion. 

An even more important step from today s perspective was the liquefaction of air by Carl von Linde, marking the birth of an entirely new industry. C. v. Linde employed the Joule-Thomson effect, decreasing the temperature of the gas by adiabatic expansion. In 1895, he achieved continuous generation of Uquid air at a yield of three litres per hour using a laboratory plant [1.1], The following years saw the construction and delivery of the first small commercial air liquefaction plants. Figure 1.1 shows a typical early air liquefier (ca. 1899). 

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