Lipids biological synthesis

Vyplel, H, Scholz, D, Macher, I, Schindlmaier, K, Schuetze, E, C-glycosidic analogs of lipid A and lipid X synthesis and biological activities, J. Med. Chem., 34, 2159-2161, 1991. 

To understand the dynamics of LPs in vivo, it is necessary to review the enzymes involved in LPA production and degradation. After the identification of the receptors, the identification of enzymes responsible for LP synthesis and degradation has accelerated our understanding of lipid biology (Fig. 10.3). 

BIOLOGICAL SYNTHESIS OF BIOLOGICAL MACROMOLECULES Simple lipid synthesis Phospholipids... 

Gerauer M, Koch S, Brunsveld L, Waldmann H (2009) Lipidated peptide synthesis. In Begley TP (ed) Wiley encyclopedia of chemical biology, vol 2. Wiley, New Jersey, pp 520-530... 

Mangold, H.K., Muramatsu, T, Roughley, B.S., and Weber, N. (1987) Biologically active lipids. Semi-synthesis of H-labeled ether glycerophospholipids and ether glyceroglycolipids from ratfish liver oil. FEBS Lett., 220, 220-222. 

In biological systems molecular assemblies connected by non-covalent interactions are as common as biopolymers. Examples arc protein and DNA helices, enzyme-substrate and multienzyme complexes, bilayer lipid membranes (BLMs), and aggregates of biopolymers forming various aqueous gels, e.g, the eye lens. About 50% of the organic substances in humans are accounted for by the membrane structures of cells, which constitute the medium for the vast majority of biochemical reactions. Evidently organic synthesis should also develop tools to mimic the Structure and propertiesof biopolymer, biomembrane, and gel structures in aqueous media. 

Triiodothyronine (3, 5,3-L-triiodothyronine, T3) is a thyroid hormone. It is producedby outer ring deiodination of thyroxine (T4) in peripheral tissues. The biologic activity of T3 is 3-8 times higher than that of T4. T3 is 99.7% protein-bound and is effective in its free non-protein-bound form. The half-life of triiodothyronine is about 19 h. The daily tur nover of T3 is 75%. Triiodothyronine acts via nuclear receptor binding with subsequent induction of protein synthesis. Effects of thyroid hormones are apparent in almost all organ systems. They include effects on the basal metabolic rate and the metabolisms of proteins, lipids and carbohydrates. 

Comprehensive Organic Chemistry , Pergamon, Elmsford, NY, 1979, is a six-volume treatise on the synthesis and reactions of organic compounds. The first three volumes cover the various functional groups, vol. 4, heterocyclic compounds, and vol. 5, biological compounds such as proteins, carbohydrates, and lipids. Probably the most useful volume is vol. 6, which contains formula, subject, and author indexes, as well as indexes of reactions and... 

Abstract The interplay between three disciplines, organic synthesis, biophysics and cell biology in the study of protein lipidation and its relevance to targeting proteins towards the plasma membrane of cells in precise molecular detail is described in this concept. This interplay is highlighted using the Ras protein as a representative example. Included herein is the development of methods for the synthesis of Ras-derived peptides and fully functional Ras proteins, the determination of the biophysical properties, in... 

This chapter highlights the interplay between organic synthesis, biophysics and cell biology in the study of protein lipidation and its relevance to targeting proteins towards the plasma membrane of cells in precise molecular detail. 

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