Links between primary and secondary metabolism

Pulrescine is an important link between primary and secondary metabolisms. It acts as a branch point for various biosynthetic pathways leading to a stmcturally diverse set of metabolites. Besides being an important intermediate in pytrohdine, pyrrolizidine, and tropane alkaloid biosynthesis, putrescine can be converted into spermidine (8) and spermine... 

Proteins are relatively complicated molecules made up from the 20 naturally occurring a-L-amino acids, which are linked to each other via peptide bonds. Fibrous proteins give mechanical strength to bones and muscles. Globular proteins such as antibodies and enzymes have specific functions in the immune system and in metabolism. The macromolecular chain of a protein is folded in a very specific way. This folding is essential for the protein s function and activity. The sequence of the amino acids is referred to as the primary structure of the protein. Parts of the amino acid chain form domains of regular structures such as a-helices and /3-pleated sheets. These make up the secondary structure of the protein. The whole three-dimensional shape of the amino acid chain including interactions between different secondary domains is referred as the tertiary structure. Some proteins consist of... 

Type 2. Type-2 processes include fermentations in which there is no direct connection between growth and product formation and also no direct or indirect link to primary metabolism (secondary metabolites), for example, penicillin and streptomycin. 

Insomnia is characterized as being primary where there is no obvious medical or psychiatric cause. It is a common clinical problan wherein 10-20% of people have chronic insomnia, characterized by trouble sleeping more than three nights a week. It has been directly linked to numerous impacts on individuals such as daytime fatigue, inattention, irritability, poor mood, and reduced energy levels. Consequently, they have reduced productivity, higher woik absenteeism, and an increased risk of depression or substance abuse. There is also a greater risk of traffic and woik-related accidents. Furthermore, studies have shown direct links between circadian rhythm disturbance and an increased risk in health problems, such as diabetes, metabolic disorders and depression. Insomnia is considered secondary if it is caused by external factors such as health conditions, for example, cancer, heart problems, depression, asthma, arthritis, or pain, or as a side effect of medication, or a substance, such as alcohol. 

Diet probably plays a secondary role to the primary metabolic aberration, insulin production. Impairment within the monkey to secrete adequate, functional quantities of insulin undoubtedly lies at the root of most of its inability to adequately control glucose and to maintain normal concentrations of lipids in the blood. Metabolic abnormalities arise because of decreasing reservoirs of insulin secretory capacity in the beta cells. Thus, in the Macaca nigra, there is a direct link between their inability to handle the carbohydrate in their diet, which stems from insulin insufficiency, and the manifestations of the diabetic syndrome which create enough metabolic abberrations to cause increased aortic atherosclerosis. 

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