Linear scale plots

Fig. 20. Primary x-ray line and Bremsstrahlung background excited by bombardment with 15 keV electrons, (a) Linear scale plot, (b) Logarithmic scale...

Fig. XI-6. Polymer segment volume fraction profiles for N = 10, = 0-5, and Xi = 1, on a semilogarithinic plot against distance from the surface scaled on the polymer radius of gyration showing contributions from loops and tails. The inset shows the overall profile on a linear scale, from Ref. 65.

Figure 4-327. plots for a U.S. Gulf Coast well in shales (a) linear scale (b) logarithmic scale. (Courtesy SPE [101].,)... 

Estimating the Bmax value is technically difficult since it basically is an exercise in estimating an effect at infinite drug concentration. Therefore, the accuracy of the estimate of Bmax is proportional to the maximal levels of radioligand that can be used in the experiment. The attainment of saturation binding can be deceiving when the ordinates are plotted on a linear scale, as they are in Figure 4.2. 

The absorbance values obtained are plotted on the ordinate (linear scale) against the concentration of the standards on the abscissa (logarithmic scale), which produces a sigmoidal dose-response curve (Figure 5). The sigmoidal curve is constructed by... 

Figure 7.4 Concentration-response plots for the data presented in Figure 7.1 fitted to Morrison s quadratic equation for tight binding inhibitors. The left panel shows the concentration-response behavior on a semilog scale, while the right panel shows the same data when the inhibitor concentration is plotted on a linear scale.

Figure 3. Contour plots of the bias corrected MEM densities in the (110) plane of metallic beryllium (a) uniform prior, (b) non-uniform prior. The plots are on a linear scale with 0.05 el A1 intervals. Truncation at 1.0e/A3. Maximum values in e/A3 are given at the Be position and in the bipyramidal space of the hep structure.

FIGURE 1.4 The predicted time course of the decline in binding-site occupancy. The lines have been plotted using Eq. (1.26), taking k to be 1 sec-1 and pAR(0) to be 0.8. A linear scale for pAR(t) has been used on the left, and a logarithmic one on the right. 

If you use option 1 or 2 above, margin o returns the "linear scale" gain margin in the variable Gm. With option 3, however, the gain margin displayed in the plot is in the unit of dB. You need to convert it back with iodB/20. 

Figure 8.28. Demonstration of a CDF. Data recorded during non-isothermal oriented crystallization of polyethylene at 117°C. Surface plots show the same CDF (a) Linear scale viewed from the top. (b) Linear scale viewed from the bottom, (c) Viewed from the top, logarithmic scale. Indicated are the determination of the most probable layer thickness, lt, and of the maximum layer extension, le. (d) Viewed from the bottom, logarithmic scale. The IDF in fiber direction is indicated by a light line in (a) and (b) (Source [56])...

A-allele. Upper extreme of the linear scale has been omitted, (b) Discrimination between genotypes with Invader. In the box plot the black bars represent medians, whiskers interquartile range and circles outliers. 

Fig. 5. Four basic illumination programs and their outputs. The top row gives the program, intensity I (linear scale) versus time t. The bottom row gives the growth output, velocity (relative to average velocity) versus time. The second and third row give the level of adaptation A, and the subjective intensity, i = I/A, calculated according to the theory developed. Note that the scale used to plot i(t) is twenty times larger for the down than for the up programs. (From Delbriick and Rei-chardt, 1956)...

Figure 4(a) shows the data plotted on linear scales while Figure 4(b) shows the same data plotted on logarithmic scales. 

Fig. 26.6. Variation in mineral volumes over a kinetic reaction path designed to illustrate Ostwald s step sequence. The calculation traces the reaction at 25 °C among the minerals amorphous silica (tine line), cristobalite (medium line), and quartz (bold line). The top diagram shows results plotted against time on a linear scale the time scale on the bottom diagram is logarithmic. The decrease in total volume with time reflects the differing molar volumes of the three minerals.

Fig. 8.16. Upper panel stellar values of [O/H] plotted against age for disk stars, after Nissen, Edvardsson and Gustafsson (1985). Curves show theoretical values of [O/H] and [Fe/H] from an analytical model. The lower panel shows the same curves plotted on a linear scale, where log0 = [O/H] and log / = [Fe/H]. After Pagel (1989a).

The data of Rowley and Steiner are shown graphically in Figure 4.5, with k plotted on a logarithmic scale (equivalent to lnifc on a linear scale) against lOOO/T. According to equation 3.1-7, the result should be a linear relation, with a slope of — EA/R and an intercept (not indicated in Figure 4.5) of In A. The values of EA and A obtained by Rowley and Steiner in this way are 115,000 J mol-1 and 3.0 X 107 L mol-1 s 1, respectively. 

Generally in toxicology, however, if we plot the log of a response (such as body weight) versus a linear scale of our dose or stimulus, we get one of four types of nonlinear curves. These are (Snedecor and Cochran, 1980)... 

Fig. 2.19. Ionization efficiency curve of argon plotted on a linear scale (a) and as semilog plot (b). Extrapolation of the linear portion of a gives erroneous IBs, whereas the x-position of the tangent of an empirical critical slope to the sertrilog plot yields accuracies of 0.05 eV. Reproduced from Ref. [25] by permission. American Chemical Society, 1948.

Gel formation. We plot in Figure 2 the helix amount versus time (in hours), for quenching and annealing experiments at different temperatures (C=4,7% g cm"3). In Figure 2-a, the time is reported in a linear scale, while in Figure 2-b it is in a logarithmic scale (up to 10 hours). In the first figure, the helix amount seems to tend towards an asymptotic limit, which is temperature dependent, but in the second one one sees clearly that no limit exists, one may suppose, until all the residues would be in a helical conformation (X=1). The transformation is not completed within periods of observation of the order of 10 hours. 

Plots of Residuals. Residuals can be plotted in many ways overall against a linear scale versus time that the observations were made versus fitted values versus any independent variable (3 ). In every case, an adequate fit provides a uniform, random scatter of points. The appearance of any stematic trend warns of error in the fitting method. Figures 4 and 5 shows a plot of area versus concentration and the associated plot of residuals. Also, the lower part of Figure 2 shows a plot of residuals (as a continuous line because of the large number of points) for the fit of the Gaussian shape to the front half of the experimental peak. In addition to these examples, plots of residuals have been used in SBC to examine shape changes in consecutive uv spectra from a diode array uv/vis spectrophotometer attached to an SBC euid the adequacy of linear calibration curve fits (1). 

Calibration curves were made with a dioxin standard and were used to eonvert DR CALUX response levels to concentrations expressed as 2,3,7,8-TCDD TEQs. The seetion of the 2,3,7,8-TCDD calibration curve between the LOQ (1 pM) and the EC50 is used to quantify DR CALUX analysis results. This section is not linear (see Fig. 1). However, when the ealibration eurve is plotted on a linear-linear scale, the indicated region can be regarded as linear. In addition, the region between the LOQ and EC50 is chosen for quantifieation of analysis results sinee this region of the 2,3,7,8-TCDD calibration curve is least sensitive to variations in observed DR CALUX activity. 

This plot is not too informative when plotted on a linear scale. A log-log plot is much more useful. To change the x-axis to a log scale select Plot and then Axis Settings from the Probe menu ... 

Figure 9.3 shows the same data but with the horizontal axis plotted as log D. This allows one to show a much larger particle size range than that which can be shown using a linear scale for the diameter. 

Figure 2.3 Plot of concentration against time for a drug with polyexponential characteristics. The closed circles represent measured concentrations and the solid line the fitted polyexponential model. The main plot has a semi-logarithmic concentration axis, the insert shows the same data plotted on a linear scale.

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