Line of sight

If the development is so far from shore that direct line of sight communication is not possible, then satellite communications will be installed, with one platform acting as a satellite link for the area. 

For conventional electrospray, there is a line of sight from the end of the inlet tube to a small hole (the skimmer), through which many of the ions pass on their way to the mass... 

Line-of-sight from Inlet tube to skimmer orifice... 

Before reaching the skimmer, much of the solvent has evaporated, and mostly only residual ions carry on through the skimmer opening. In conventional electrospray sources, the trajectory of the ions from the solution exit tube to the skimmer is a straight line of sight. 

The Z-trajectory ensures excellent separation of ions from neutral molecules at atmospheric pressure. In line-of-sight or conventional electrospray sources, the skimmer is soon blocked by ions and molecules sticking around the edges of the orifice. In Z-spray sources, the final skimmer, being set off to one side, is not subjected to this buildup of material. 

It is awkward to use two different angles to describe the intensity of light scattered along a particular line of sight, but this situation is easily remedied by referring back to Fig. 10.5. It is apparent from Fig. 10.5 that r cos 0 is the projection of r along either the x, y, or z axis, depending on the choice of 0. We therefore see that... 

Vacuum Deposition. Vacuum deposition, sometimes called vacuum evaporation, is a PVD process in which the material is thermally vaporized from a source and reaches the substrate without coUision with gas molecules in the space between the source and substrate (1 3). The trajectory of the vaporized material is therefore line-of-sight. Typically, vacuum deposition takes place in the pressure range of 10 10 Pa (10 10 torr), depending on the level of contamination that can be tolerated in the resulting deposited film. Figure 3 depicts a simple vacuum deposition chamber using a resistively heated filament vaporization source. 

Design charging chute to eliminate line-of-sight from mill to operator to reduce the possibility of a broken mill part flying out of the charging chute and causing injury. 

How can human observers, optical measurements along a line of sight, and point measurements by nephelometry provide conflicting information about visual air quality in the same location ... 

Fig. 15-4. Ethylene concentrations measured by the DIAL system along a 5-km path length near Menlo Park, California. The open circles are ethylene concentrations of samples taken at three ground-level locations near the line of sight and analyzed by gas chromatography. Source Murray, E. A., and Van der Laan, ). E., Appl. Opt. 17, 814-817 (1978).

Basically, the optical method uses equipment such as alignment telescopes, jig transits, and sight levels. Instruments with built-in optical micrometers for measuring displacements from a referenced line of sight enable an accurate determination of target movements, which are mounted on the machine. 

The potential for interference with the normal operation and maintenance of a process vessel is high. A major design effort is required to overcome this disadvantage. All aspects of the process vessel operation must be considered. Lines of sight for process vessel and crane operators, access for crane-held ladles and buckets, process vessel movements, and maintenance access must be accommodated by the enclosure design. This is more easily achieved in a new installation. 

Line of sight for crane operators and furnace attendants,... 

Opacity The degree to which a plume of exhaust gases obscures the view of an observer, measured in terms of percentage obscuration, with 100% meaning that the plume completely obscures the line of sight through the plume. 

The transfer of heat from a source to a receiver by radiant energy is radiation. The sun transfers its energy to the earth by radiation. A fire in a fireplace is another example of radiation. The fire in the fireplace heats the air in the room and by convection heats up the room. At the same time, when you stand within line of sight of the fireplace, the radiant energy coming from the flame of the fire itself makes you feel warmer than when you are shielded from the line of sight of the flame. Heat is being transferred both by convection and by radiation from the fireplace... 

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