Limnephilus lunatus

The presence of a sensitive life stage or period may also be one of the causes of latency. For example, the effects of diflubenzuron (an insect growth regulator) on aquatic macroinvertebrates were not observed until molting began, some 2 to 4 weeks after a single exposure (Hurd et al. 1996). When larvae of the trichopteran Limnephilus lunatus were exposed for 1 hour to 0.1 pg/L fenvalerate, and subsequently placed in contaminant-free artificial streams, there were few mortalities, but a delay in development and emergence was observed (Liess and Schulz 1996). In aquatic ecosystems that periodically dry out in summer, such a delay in development time may have severe consequences for population survival (Liess 1998). 

Liess M, Schulz R. 1996. Chronic effects of short-term contamination with the pyrethroid insecticide on the caddisfly Limnephilus lunatus. Hydrobiologia 324 99-106. 

Schulz R, Liess M. 2001. Toxicity of aqueous-phase and suspended particle-associated fenvalerate chronic effects after pulse-dosed exposure of Limnephilus lunatus (Trichoptera). Environ Toxicol Chem 20 185-190. 

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