Light draw rate

We now vary the specification for the LGO draw and copy the resnlts into an Excel spreadsheet. We vary the draw rate from 85% to 115% of the base draw rate of LGO. Figure 2.90 summarizes the results of the case study. We do not include the results for Kerosene, Light and Heavy Naphtha streams since these streams not affected by the draw rate of LGO. In addition, when the draw rate of LGO increases, the 10% point of the residue increases significantly. This means that the LGO stream get heavier (drawing material from residue) as the draw rate of LGO increases. However, if the refiner wishes lighter material in LGO stream, the steam stripping rate of the cut above LGO, i.e. Kerosone, should be increased. 

Dodson and coworkers inspected the El mass spectra of 3jS-hydroxy-20-thia-17 (a and S)-pregnen-5-ene oxides (1-4) in the light of their absolute configurations. By comparing the ion abundances in reactions (lA)-(lC) (equation 1) it was possible to draw conclusions about the rates of these reactions and hence about the configurations of the starting sulfoxides. 

Most steep systems are operated in a pull fashion, where the rate of water movement through the steeps is controlled by the rate of light steepwater evaporator draw (steepwater leaving the newest com) or the rate of water movement needed to cover... 

The only pieces of hardware needed for photo-CIDNP are a light source and an unmodified NMR spectrometer. Pulsed lasers are most convenient for illumination, as they allow both time-resolved experiments (when the laser flash is followed by an acquisition pulse after a variable time delay) and steady-state ones (when the laser is triggered with a high repetition rate, thus providing quasi-continuous excitation). All the examples of this work draw on the second variant. Nevertheless, they yield kinetic information about much faster processes than would be observable by direct... 

Finally, we wish to draw attention to the comparison in Figure 7 between the optical bleaching rates of (e ) in y-irradiated MTHF and in the photoionized MTHF-TMPD system under the same conditions, using red light (A > 600 n.m.). The decay rate is slightly greater for the y-irradiated MTHF, but this difference is minor compared with the much faster decay which is observed when more than 5 mole % CH3CN is present in the matrix of the y-irradiated sample. 

Figure 25 Schematic drawing of the light gradient inside microalgal cultures and the application of the Blackman model to calculate the average specific growth rate. The microalgal culture is subdivided into two zones (1) /ph(2)>/ph,s and (2) lph z)

Thus, all monomers of the ChMAA-n series fonn a monotropic liquid crystalline phase of the cholesteric type, whose temperature interval of existence depends on the rate of cooling. The liquid crystalline phase is unstable and is transformed to crystal phase so soon that X-ray examination of the mesophase structure becomes difficult. Nevertheless, polarization-optical studies have made it possible to draw certain conclusions as to the nature of the liquid crystalline phase of monomers. Cooling of isotropic melts of monomers results in a confocal texture which turns to a planar one when a mechanical field is superimposed on the sample, for example, by shifting a cover glass in the cell of the polarizing microscope (Figure 4). The observed planar texture exhibits the property of selective light reflection, which is typical of low-molecular cholesteric liquid crystals. 

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