Lethal Trait

Bosma, A.A., B.M.J.L. Mannaerts, N.A. de Haan, and J. Kroneman. 1988. Sister chromatid exchanges in calves with hereditary zinc deficiency (lethal trait A 46). Veterin. Quar. 10 230-233. 

Inappropriate adaptations in climate are lethal ai certain limes of the vear they are conditional lethal traits A conditional lethal trail or combination ol conditional lethal irails can he used to suppress or eradicate inseel populations. The principle ol suppressing insect populations hy mean of their adaptations lo climate has been suggested by a number of inveslig.uors. 

Brummerstedt E, Basse A, Elagstad Tand Andersen E (1977) Lethal trait A46 in cattle. Am J Pathol 87 725-738. 

Hereditary zinc deficiency occurs in certain strains of cattle Bos spp.) and affects the skin and mucous membranes of the gastrointestinal tract. The disease - also known as Lethal Trait... 

Reproductive Toxicity. No data are available that impHcate either hexavalent or trivalent chromium compounds as reproductive toxins, unless exposure is by way of injection. The observed teratogenic effects of sodium dichromate(VI), chromic acid, and chromium (HI) chloride, adininistered by injection, as measured by dose-response relationships are close to the amount that would be lethal to the embryo, a common trait of many compounds (111). Reported teratogenic studies on hamsters (117,118), the mouse (119—121), and rabbits (122) have shown increased incidence of cleft palate, no effect, and testicular degeneration, respectively. Although the exposures for these experiments were provided by injections, in the final study (122) oral, inhalation, and dermal routes were also tried, and no testicular degeneration was found by these paths. 

Ataxia - total or partial inability to coordinate voluntary bodily movements, particularly muscular movements. Friedrich s ataxia, an autosomal recessive trait with a prevalence of about 2 per 100000, is a lethal disease, defined as neurological (affecting the nervous system), but most patients die from cardiomyopathy. 

A heritable resistance in pine mice to endrin raises the LD50 from 3 mg/kg in sensitive voles to 40 mg/kg in resistant animals (Webb et al. 1973). This trait is correlated with the greater excretion of endrin as the anti-12-hydroxy metabolite in the resistant mice. Associations between lethality and concentration of 12-ketoendrin residues has been made for rats (Hutson et al. 1975), rat fetuses (Kavlock et al. 1981), and hamster fetuses (Chemoff et al. 1979a). Toxicity also occurs when endrin itself appears in the tissues. 

In view of the toxicity of ammonia, complete absence of any one of the enzymes of the cycle is fatal. Nonetheless, disorders of the cycle do occur, which are caused by a low activity of one of the enzymes or carbamoyl phosphate synthetase. In addition, defects in N-acetylglutamate synthase have been reported, but they are very rare. With the exception of ornithine transcarbamoylase, the deficiencies have an autosomal recessive mode of inheritance. The transcarbamoylase deficiency is inherited as an X-linked dominant trait, usually lethal in male patients. A deficiency of carbamoyl phosphate synthetase, ornithine transcarbamoylase or argininosuccinate synthetase results in accumulation and excretion of citrulline. A deficiency of argininosuccinate lyase results in the accumulation and excretion of argininosuccinate and arginine (Table 10.5). The abbreviations CPSD, OTCD, ASD, ALD and AD stand, respectively, for the deficiencies of these enzymes, where D stands for deficiency. 

A total of 45 different species were employed, but authors did not always specify their choice of species. Ideally, bioassays should have some basic characteristics, as defined by Giesy and Hoke (1989). An adequate battery of bioassays needs in principle to measure various types (acute, chronic, genotoxic) and levels (lethal, sublethal) of ecotoxicity, without any redundancy, with test species belonging to different trophic levels or characterized by different ecological and biological traits (Ducrot et al., 2005). Another important aspect in the selection of bioassays for a test... 

Hydrops fetalis 0 a-Thalassemia trait 0.25 Lethal (death Cord blood mostly Hb... 

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis is a lethal, paralyzing disorder of motor neurons in the brain, brain stem, and spinal cord. Its onset, typically in the 6th decade of life, is age-dependent mean onset is 55 years, and mean survival is 3 to 5 years. About 5 to 10% of cases are transmitted as an autosomal dominant trait familial amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. 

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