Lead, carbonate nitrates

PbF2 is readily prepared by the action of hydrogen fluoride on lead hydroxide, lead carbonate, or a-lead oxide. It can also be obtained by precipitation from lead nitrate or lead acetate solutions using potassium fluoride, ammonium fluoride, or ammonium bifluoride. 

In general, the chemistry of inorganic lead compounds is similar to that of the alkaline-earth elements. Thus the carbonate, nitrate, and sulfate of lead are isomorphous with the corresponding compounds of calcium, barium, and strontium. In addition, many inorganic lead compounds possess two or more crystalline forms having different properties. For example, the oxides and the sulfide of bivalent lead are frequendy colored as a result of their state of crystallisation. Pure, tetragonal a-PbO is red pure, orthorhombic P PbO is yeUow and crystals of lead sulfide, PbS, have a black, metallic luster. 

Lead nitrate [10099-74-8] Pb(N02)2, mol wt 331.23, sp gr 4.53, forms cubic or monoclinic colorless crystals. Above 205°C, oxygen and nitrogen dioxide are driven off, and basic lead nitrates are formed. Above 470°C, lead nitrate is decomposed to lead monoxide and Pb O. Lead nitrate is highly soluble in water (56.5 g/100 mL at 20°C 127 g/100 mL at 100°C), soluble in alkalies and ammonia, and fairly soluble in alcohol (8.77 g/100 mL of 43% aqueous ethanol at 22°C). Lead nitrate is readily obtained by dissolving metallic lead, lead monoxide, or lead carbonate in dilute nitric acid. Excess acid prevents the formation of basic nitrates, and the desired lead nitrate can be crystallized by evaporation. 

Lead borate moaohydrate [14720-53-7] (lead metaborate), Pb(B02)2 H20, mol wt 310.82, d = 5.6g/cm (anhydrous) is a white crystalline powder. The metaborate loses water of crystallization at 160°C and melts at 500°C. It is iasoluble ia water and alkaHes, but readily soluble ia nitric and hot acetic acid. Lead metaborate may be produced by a fusion of boric acid with lead carbonate or litharge. It also may be formed as a precipitate when a concentrated solution of lead nitrate is mixed with an excess of borax. The oxides of lead and boron are miscible and form clear lead-borate glasses in the range of 21 to 73 mol % PbO. 

Lead chromates are prepared by precipitation techniques from soluble salts ia aqueous media. The raw material Hst iacludes a number of different lead compounds, eg, Htharge, lead nitrate, basic lead acetate, basic lead carbonate, as well as acids, alkahes, sodium bichromate, and sodium chromate. The typical reaction can be represented by the foUowiag equation ... 

Phenyl isothiocyanate has been prepared from thiocarbanilide by the action of phosphorus pentoxide, hydrochloric acid, iodine, phosphoric acid, acetic anhydride, and nitrous acid. It has also been prepared from ammonium phenyl dithiocarbamate by the action of ethyl chlorocarbonate, copper sulfate lead carbonate, lead nitrate, ferrous sulfate,and zinc sulfate. ... 

Students usually identify the existence of anions such as carbonate, iodide and sul-fate(VI) by adding a barium/silver(I)/lead(II) solution to the unknown, followed by a dilute acid or vice-versa in qualitative analysis practical work sessions and examinations. Mat r students had difficulty understanding the roles of the bar-ium/silver(I)/lead(II) solution and the dilute acid in the tests for anions. For example, 20% believed that the addition of aqueous barium nitrate(V) followed by dilute nitric(V) acid was to test for sulfate(VI) only. Another 25% believed that to test for a carbonate, acid had to be added directly to the unknown sample, while 20% believed that the addition of barium nitrate(V) invalidated the test for carbonates. When the students were asked the purpose of adding dilute nitric(V) acid following die addition of silver nitrate(V) solution (in one question) and lead(II) nitrate(V in another question) to the unknown solutions, 22% and 35%, respectively, indicated... 

Lead(II) carbonate occurs naturally as cerussite. It is prepared in the laboratory by passing carbon dioxide through, or adding sodium hydrogencarbonate to. a cold dilute solution of lead(II) nitrate or lead(II) ethanoate ... 

Basic lead carbonate also is precipitated by dissolving lead monoxide in lead(II) acetate solution, and treating the solution with carbon dioxide. It also is produced by electrolysis of sodium nitrate or sodium acetate using lead anode and then precipitating out the product by adding sodium carbonate. 

Lead nitrate is prepared by dissolving lead metal, lead monoxide or lead carbonate in excess dilute nitric acid followed by evaporation of and/or cooling the solution for crystallization. 

Except silicon, aU other carbon group metals, namely, germanium, tin, and lead, are oxidized by concentrated nitric acid. While germanium and tin form their dioxides, lead forms nitrate. 

Picric acid, Sodium hydroxide. Lead nitrate Styphnic acid, Sodium hydroxide, Lead-II-nitrate Styphnic acid, Magnesium carbonate. Lead nitrate. Nitric acid... 

Sodium azide, Lead acetate, Water Picric acid. Sodium hydroxide. Lead nitrate Styphinic acid. Sodium hydroxide, Lead-II-nitrate Styphinic acid. Magnesium carbonate. Lead nitrate. Nitric acid Phloroglucinol, Glacial acetic acid. Sodium nitrite. Lead nitrate Acetylene, Arsenic trichloride. Mercuric chloride. Hydrochloric acid... 

Barium Nitrate Potassium Nitrate Lead Carbonate N i tro gu ani di n e(N Gu) Dinitrotoluene(DNT) Dibutylphthalate(DBuPh) Diphenyl amine(DPh A)... 

Nitric acid is usually monobasic, forming a series of salts, the nitrates. The basic salts have been discussed by A. Ditte,11 E. Groschuff, and others—see, for example, the basic lead nitrates. The nitrates are usually made by the action of the acid on the metal, hydroxide, oxide, carbonate, etc. According to H. Braconnot, the cone, acid does not decompose dehydrated sodium, barium, calcium, or lead carbonate, even when boiling, because the nitrates of these bases are insoluble in the cone, acid, and a surface film of nitrate protects the remainder of the carbonate from the acid. Potassium carbonate is decomposed by the cone, acid because the nitrate is soluble in the cone. acid. J. Pelouze said that an alcoholic soln. of nitric acid does not act on potassium carbonate, but it acts slowly on sodium, barium, and magnesium carbonates, and rapidly on calcium and strontium carbonates because, added H. Braconnot, calcium and strontium nitrates are readily dissolved by alcohol, whereas potassium nitrate is but sparingly soluble in that menstruum. Potassium hydroxide resists attack by a soln. of nitric acid in ether unless the mixture is boiled or shaken. A. A. Kazantzeff discussed the influence of nitric acid on the solubilities of the nitrates. 

Basic lead carbonate, see Lead carbonate—lead hydroxide, 0722 Basic stannous nitrate , see Tetrahydroxotritin(2+) nitrate, 4520 Basic trihydrazinecadmium perchlorate, 3945 f Benzaldehyde, 2727... 

To 1 g sample, add 100 mL of 10% caustic soda solution and stir for 12 h. (This treatment is required only if iron cyanides are suspected to be present in the sample.) After this, adjust the pH to less than 8.0 with 1 1 H2S04. Add about 0.2 g sulfamic acid to avoid nitrate/nitrite interference. This is followed by addition of 25 mg lead carbonate (to prevent interference from sulfur compounds). The mixture is distilled and collected over NaOH solution. This distillate is analyzed for CN by colorimetric, titrimetric, or ion-selective electrode method. 

Stability of Lead Carbonate, (a) To a neutral lead nitrate solution add Na2CC>3 solution drop by drop, noting the white precipitate and the absence of effervescence. 

Lead is immune to distilled water free from C02 and oxygen. Air free from C02 in distilled water corrodes lead. In presence of C02 a film of basic lead carbonate in formed, which prevents further attack. The successful use of lead pipe coils for steam boiler applications depends on the use of pure water condensate, which is free from oxygen and carbon dioxide. In the event of the presence of oxygen, oxygen scavengers such as hydrazine or sodium sulfite together with cobalt nitrate may be used. 

Lead Cobalti-cyanide, Pb3[Co(CN)6]2.4H20, is prepared by the action of hydrogen cobalti-cyanide upon lead carbonate.1 It yields laminated crystals, soluble in about three parts of water. The salt is not precipitated by adding potassium cobalti-cyanide to a solution of either lead acetate or nitrate. 

Lead chromates and lead molybdates are produced by precipitation of soluble salts in aqueous media. Various lead sources include litharge, lead nitrate, basic lead actetate, and lead carbonate. The lead carbonate and basic lead acetate are used primarily to control particle size. Other ingredients include acids, alkalis, sodium bichromate, and sodium chromate. Additionally, molybdate orange manufacture involves the use of sodium molybdate and sodium sulfate as raw materials. 

A solution of 350 grams of lead nitrate in 1 liter hot water is treated carefully at 95°C. with about 120 grams of soda ash and the precipitated basic lead carbonate is washed thoroughly with water. The moist material is transferred to a 2-liter flask fitted with stirrer and reflux condenser (Fig. 6) and mixed to a homogeneous paste with 600 grams of 90 per cent alcohol. One mole (228 grams) of very finely pulverized thiocarbanilide is added rapidly, followed by the addition, at 25°, of 1.3 moles of sodium cyanide (about 60 grams of technical material). ... 

J)) Mix equal small quantities of potassium carbonate, potassium nitrate, and powdered chrome alum, place the mixture on a platinum foil, and hold it with the forceps in the upper Bunsen flame so that the mixture will fuse. If a platinum foil is not available, use a porcelain crucible. A yellow mass, due to the presence of potassium chromate, results. If the color is not decided, dissolve the mass in water, add acetic acid, slowly at first, and boil to expel the carbon dioxide. Add a few drops of lead nitrate solution to a portion, and yellow lead chromate is precipitated. (Compare Exp. 177 (e).) If the precipitate is white, it is lead carbonate, and shows that not all the potassium carbonate was decomposed, as intended. 

Lead nitrate, Pb NOg), is a white crystalline substance made by dissolving lead, lead monoxide, or lead carbonate in nitric acid. Lead carbonate, PbCOg, occurs in nature as the mineral cerussite. It appears as a precipitate when a solution containing the hydrogen carbonate ion, HCOg-, is added to lead nitrate solution. With a more... 

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