Layout Benchmarks

K. Kozminski. Benchmarks for layout synthesis. In Proc. Design Automation Conf., 1991, pp. 265-270. 

In our placement experiments, we assume a fixed-die, over-the-cell routing model. Thus, the layout area of a design is the footprint of all cells plus 10% free space. The 2-D layout is mapped to a 2.5-D layout consisting of two stacking chips with equal area. All layouts have a square shape. Thus, the dimension of two chips in 2.5-D system is that of the corresponding 2-D layout scaled by 0.707. For every benchmark circuit, we generate both monolithic (2-D) placement and 2.5-D placement. 

The superiority of microreactors for reduced deactivation due to less thermal load on the catalyst has been proven several times (e.g. [47]), even benchmarked to a fixed bed [18] or to a foam [19]. However, one should be careful when operating the catalyst in a microreactor at its kinetic limit. The deactivation behavior of a specific catalyst could be more visible than in a conventional fixed bed or even coated foam. The mass of thin wall-coated catalysts operated free from mass transfer limitations could be much less for reaching 100% conversion. However, there is no backup catalyst mass. Hence additional catalyst mass has to be considered for process layout [20]. Also, leaks and the parallelizing of microstructures (concerning their feed distribution and heat distribution) are a challenge that can influence the catalyst stability and thus the operation of a microreactor [40]. 

Market success is an important criterion of any new drivetrain technology. Its benchmark is usually the cost of a conventional powertrain. In view of the different possible layouts, analyses should be based on production costs, not end-user price, and refer to mechanical power output to retain comparability in terms of driving performance. In a second step, life-cycle costs also need to be assessed in order to draft reliable conclusions. Figure 35.24 shows the specific costs of conventional ICE, hybrid, and BEV drivetrains for a vehicle with 90kWmech- Component costs are those stated in the previous sections. 

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