Laser principle

C. H. Townes (Massachusetts Institute of Technology), and N. G. Basov and A. M. Prokhorov (Moscow) fundamental work in the field of quantum electronics, which led to the construction of oscillators and amplifiers based on the maser-laser-principle. 

Townes s academic life continued. He served as provost of MIT from 1961 to 1966. In 1964, Townes received the Nobel Prize in physics for work in quantum electronics leading to construction of oscillators and amplifiers based on the maser-laser principle. He was named university professor at the University of California-Berkeley in 1967. There he worked for more than 20 years in astrophysics. Ironically, this field is one of many that were transformed by die laser, and Townes often tised lasers in his subsequent research. 

Duarte FJ, Hillman LW (1990) Dye laser principle, chap 7. Academic Press, San Diego... 

F. J. Duarte and L. W. Hillmann, eds., Dye Laser Principles with Applications, Academic Press, Inc., New York, 1990. 

Earlier than with pulsed chemical lasers, the first technological breakthrough in chemical lasers occurred for continuous-wave lasers. Almost simultaneously in 1968 two groups successfully operated continuous-wave chemical lasers. One was at the Aerospace Corporation headed by T. A. Jacobs 75>, the other one at Cornell University under T. A. Cool 76>. One of these lasers was an HF laser the other was that is now called a hybrid chemical laser, being pumped by energy transfer rather than by a direct chemical reaction. This laser principle has been described in the context of pulsed chemical lasers in Section 6.5, In addition to these devices, an HF cw laser having millisecond flow duration was also demonstrated in principle in a shock tunnel. The latter employed diffusion of HC1 into a supersonic stream containing F atoms 77>. 

Ultra-Fast Fiber Lasers Principles and Applications with MATLAB Models,... 

F.J. Duarte, L.W. Hillman Dye Laser Principles (Academic, Boston 1996) ... 

Basov (1922-2001) and Aleksandr Prokhorov (1916-2002), two Russian physicists who independently discovered how to produce continuous output, something that Townes was unable to do. The three were cited for fundamental work in the field of quantum electronics, which has led to the construction of oscillators and amplifiers based on the maser-laser principle [29]. Since that time, many different types of lasers were developed—gas, solid-state, fiber, semiconductor, dye, etc.— and they have found use in hundreds of applications in virtually every field of endeavor such as the military, industry, law enforcement, medicine, entertainment, and basic research [29]. 

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