Larva , biology reviewed

It is not intended here to give an account of the various forms of cestode larvae or to discuss their morphology or ultrastructure in detail, except where it is especially relevant to the physiology of the stage concerned various aspects of larval biology have been reviewed by Freeman (234), Kuperman Davydov (421) (Table 8.1), Slais (778), Ubelaker (889) and Voge (903). 

The excreta of stored product insects are composed primarily of uric acid. However, in some species, the presence of other purines in lesser proportions has been reported. Ammonia is found in the excreta of larvae of Ephestia kuehniella, urea and allantoin in Tenebrio molitor, and both urea and xanthin in larval excreta of C. cephalonica (Bursell, 1967). Uric acid has been used as an indicator of insect infestation in cereals and cereal products since the 1950s (Subrahmanyan et al., 1955 Venkatrao et al., 1957). Subsequently, several methods have been described to determine uric acid levels in infested foodstuffs (Table VII). Most of these methods are modifications of tests originally developed for analysis in clinical samples. Pachla et al. (1987) have reviewed the methods of uric acid determination in foodstuffs and biological fluids. 

Thus, just as in the case of the erythromycin basic structure, the synthesis and biological activities of macrocyclic compounds first reported almost 45 years ago, are still being investigated, with perhaps more interesting biological discoveries to come, particularly as it is now almost certain that bryostatins are produced by an as yet uncultured microbe found initially in the larvae of the bryozoan. Current information can be obtained by inspection of the review by the Haygood group published in 2010. ... 

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