Large-scale bridging

Analysis indicates that large-scale bridging (LSB) is involved and the bridging behavior can be explicitly ascertained from the measured curves.103 For the particular case of a DCB specimen (Fig. 1.38a), the /-integral is explicitly defined in terms of the bending moment, M, and the traction law.13... 

In the paper, the methodology of measuring G c by using DCB specimens in the presence of large-scale bridging is adapted for investigating the delamination in 3D woven composites. 

The delamination of UD composites in the presence of large-scale bridging has been modelled and studied experimentally rather well, and the list of some references can be found in [1, 2]. 

It was shown that, in the presence of large-scale bridging (i.e., when the size of the biidging region is comparable to the crack size), the f -curve is not a material characteristic ind its shape depends on the specimen geometry. In the case of a double-cantilever beam, tht shape of the f -curve depends on the stiffness of specimen arms. 

It is also possible to protect iron against corrosion by forming an alloy with a different metal. Stainless steel is an alloy of iron that contains at least 10% chromium, by mass, in addition to small quantities of carbon and occasionally metals such as nickel. Stainless steel is much more resistant to corrosion than pure iron. Therefore, stainless steel is often used for cutlery, taps, and various other applications where rust-resistance is important. However, chromium is much more expensive than iron. As a result, stainless steel is too expensive for use in large-scale applications, such as building bridges. 

Chapter 5 considers the connection between the universal large scale dynamics discussed first and the local specific dynamics discussed in the second step. The dynamics at intermediate length scales bridges the two and we will address the leading mechanism limiting the universal dynamics in flexible polymers. 

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