LANTHANIDE IONS versatility

Lanthanide ions offer several salient properties that make them especially attractive as qubit candidates (i) their magnetic states provide proper definitions of the qubit basis (ii) they show reasonably long coherence times (iii) important qubit parameters, such as the energy gap AE and the Rabi frequency 2R, can be chemically tuned by the design of the lanthanide co-ordination shell and (iv) the same molecular structure can be realized with many different lanthanide ions (e.g. with or without nuclear spin), thus providing further versatility for the design of spin qubits or hybrid spin registers. 

Ligand labeling with fluorescent metal chelates has created a versatile class of fluorescent probes. The chelates of rare earth metals have unique emission characteristics in that, upon excitation of aromatic portions of the ligands of the lanthanide complex, the energy of excitation is efficiently transferred to the lanthanide ion. This causes f-f transitions that produce very narrow almost line-like emission bands that permit all of the emitted light to be collected by the detector with narrow emission slits. In addition, the rare earth... 

The versatility and wide applicability of lanthanide ions for lasers arises from several desirable spectroscopic features. The electronic states of the ground 4fn configurations provide complex and varied optical energy level structures, thus many different lasing schemes are possible. 

Coordination numbers vary wildly with both the nature of the ligands bonded in the inner coordination sphere and the composition of the solutions, although CN=9 is often found (cf the acetonitrile solvates). This establishes that the inner coordination sphere of the lanthanide ions is easily adjustable to the environment in which these ions are exposed. Henceforth, the versatility and adaptability of these elements which are found in many compounds, including organometallic molecules, and which are used as spectroscopic probes in complex biological or environmental systems. 

Carbonate has proved to be a versatile ligand. Its coordination mode expands from 1 to 6, the last one is visualized when each atom binds two metal ions simultaneously. In recent years, significant progress has been made in the synthesis, structure, and magnetic properties of polynuclear carbonato complexes of transition metal ions. Such studies have also been extended to lanthanides and actinides. The speciation studies of these metal ions in aquatic environments in the presence of carbonate have resulted in significant... 

Both GC and LC behavior of metal complexes of various ligand types including salicy-laldimines and Schiff bases and fluorinated /3-diketones was reported. Metal ions included the lanthanides, transition metals, Pt, Pd and Zn. Dissociation and thermal instabilities were found to be the main limitations in the chromatography of such derivatives. The data indicate that pre-column derivatization and GC is unlikely to provide a viable method for the ultratrace determination of metal ions except in rare circumstances. On the other hand, LC of complexed metal ions was found as a valuable technique that combines the advantages of versatility, specificity and sensitivity with the capacity for simultaneous determination and speciation. Diastereoisomers of oxovanadium(IV) complexes of tetradentate Schiff bases could be resolved by both GC and LC . ... 

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