Lamina cells number

Stress influences gut mucosal immune response producing a diminution in the number of IgA+ B-lymphocytes in the lamina propria of the small intestine and in the secretion of S-IgA into the intestinal fluid of stressed animals. The probiotic strain Lact. casei CRL 431 increased these parameters in agreement with another study in a mouse stress model (Jarillo-Luna et al. 2007). The decrease in IgA+ cell numbers in stressed mice could be due to high levels of glucocorticoids that induce apoptosis of B cells in the lamina propria of the gut (Fukuzuka et al. 2000 Brunner et al. 2001 Ruiz-Santana et al. 2001). Another possibility could be the low number of CD4+ T cells. These last cells produce cytokines such as IFNy, IL-6, IL-5, IL-4, and IL-10, which are involved in the expansion and differentiation of IgA+ B cells (Iwakabe et al. 1998 Elenkov 2004 Brandtzaeg and Johansen 2005). These cell populations increased in stressed animals consuming probiotics. 

Lamina IV is composed of heterogeneous sized cells and is less densely packed than lamina III due to the number of nerve axons passing in this layer. At least three types of neurons have been identified in lamina IV, based on different dendritic projection patterns and these include SCT and PSDC cells. Another cell type has been described which has a dendritic pattern similar to SCT and PSDC, but with local axon terminations. Somas of STT cells are also found in lamina IV. 

The ECM that surrounds cells also contains variable levels of HA. It is composed predominantly of structural proteins such as collagen and elastin, as well as proteoglycans, and a number of glycoproteins. The HA content is greatest in embryonic ECM, and in tissues undergoing rapid turnover and repair. The basal lamina or basement membrane that separates dermis and epidermis is also considered an ECM structure. The basal lamina contains HA, though the precise structural position is not known. Loss of basement membrane HA in the skin of diabetic patients correlates with skin stiffness.50... 

Biopsy specimens of PAH include constrictive lesions and complex lesions. Constrictive lesions comprise medial hypertrophy and intimal thickening. Medial hypertrophy is defined as the increase in both number and cross-sectional area of the SM cells lining the walls of the pre- and intra-acinar pulmonary arteries intimal thickening implies an increased number of fibroblasts in the thin layer between a SM cell and lamina propria of the blood vessel. These changes can be seen in both IPAH and pulmonary venous hypertension. In contrast, complex lesions are considered pathognomonic for PAH. The complex or plexiform lesion consists of focal proliferation of endothelial channels consisting of fibroblasts, SM cells, and connective tissue matrix. These lesions disrupt vascular vessel wall and serve as a nidus for in situ thrombosis. 

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