Lamellae separation

This process, according to the manufacturer,54 has been developed in such a way that space requirements are kept to a minimum. A BIOPAQ IC reactor is used as the initial step in the treatment process. The name of this anaerobic reactor is derived from the gas-lift driven internal circulation that is generated within a tall, cylindrical vessel. These reactors have been operational in the paper industry since 1996. The second step in the purification process is a mechanically mixed and aerated tank. The aerating injectors can be cleaned in a simple way without the need to empty the aeration tank. Potential scaling materials are combined into removable fine particles. At the same time, the materials that may cause an odor nuisance are oxidized into odorless components. The process can be completed by a third and a fourth step. The third step focuses on suspended solids recovery and removal. The fourth step is an additional water-softening step with lamella separation and continuous sand filters in order to produce fresh water substitute. The benefits claimed by the manufacturer are as follows54 ... 

ANAMET [Anaerobic methane] An anaerobic biological process for treating industrial effluents containing relatively high concentrations of organic matter. The microorganisms are removed in a lamella separator in which they slide down inclined plates. Developed by Purac, Sweden, which had installed more than 50 plants by 1992, mostly in the food industry. 

The drainage of liquid from liquid lamellae separating bubbles in a foam. See also Fluid Film. 

The semi-crystalline structures often formed by crystallizable polymers are known to consist of thin crystalline lamellae separated by amorphous regions [1-3]. For crystallization from the melt, where the conditions are far from equilibrium, the polymer chains must achieve a regular conformation from the highly entangled melt and align parallel to each other to form thin... 

Figure 32 Electron micrograph of a crystal of a disordered Sn WOs bronze showing it to consist ofV/Oi-like lamellae, separated by boundary planes of unknown structure...

Physical evidence of crosslinking on a microstructural or morphological level can be seen by response of cotton to methacrylate layer expansion (44). Electron photomicrographs of cross sections of uncrosslinked and crosslinked fibers show differences in responses to this agent after sv lling. The uncrosslinked fiber is expanded to show the lamellae and a pore structure (Figure 5). The fiber that had been crosslinked in a convaitional manner, i.e. in the dry state, exhibits a monolithic cross section with no lamellae separation or visible pore structure. 

Another factor determining the stability of foams is the rate of diffusion of gas from one bubble to another through the lamella separating them. The rate of diffusion q of a gas between two bubbles of different radii, R and R2, is given by the equation... 

Butter is a water-in-oil (W/0) emulsion, which means that water (approximately 20% of the total mass of bntter) is in the form of a very fine dispersion in semisolid milk fat water droplets are smaller than 10 pm in diameter. Fat lamellae separate the water droplets from each other and prevent them from coalescing. This fine dispersion contribntes to the keeping quality of butter. The microstructure of butter... 

The s> stem receives effluent horn the customers existing bag filter system, w hich comprises of a lamella separator, from w heie settled solids drop into bags. Overflow ing settled waste w ater then flows into a dedicated feed buffer tank w heie it is pressure boosted and Fibra filtered before passing through into either of tw o pH batch reactor tanks, operating consecutively. Tlie filtration cycle is ten minutes of filtration foUow ed by ten seconds of air ei haiKed toiw ard flush, to w ash the collected fine solids back... 

Liquid foams are a fine distribution of a gas (normally air) in a liquid. Thin films of liquid (the lamellae) separate the gas bubbles from one another and the gas-liquid interfacial area is quite high. Pure liquids do not foam surface-active materials must be present in order to obtain stable foam bubbles. 

The efficiency of the attachment process depends upon the size of the gas bubbles. Process equations are available for predicting the course of such separations these detign equations require the support of laboratory tests to provide relationsh s between flotation velodties, the volume of air per unit mass of soUds, etc. This chapter also deals with the design of inclined lamella separators vffiich tend to intensify the sedimentation eflfect, thus requiring smaller vessel volumes when conqiared with conventional equqtment. 

If A is in the range lo -io and in the range 0-10, then the Nakanmra-Kuroda equation can be e ected to predict adequately file settling rate for both batdi and continuous lamella separators provided steady state condifions can be maintained and separator dimensions chosen so that flow instabilities are avoided. 

Figure 7.14 DAF unit with lamella separator [Ward, 1981]...

If the Nakamura and Kuroda equation is to predict adequatefy the separating capability of both batch and continuous lamella separators, Iheai A should be in the range 10 -10 and i in the range 0-10 [Ward and Poh, 1994]. Steady state conditions must be maintained and s arator dimensions chosen so that flow instabilities are avoided. Typical values for A and R are as follows ... 

Inerts are separated from the dissolving solution by gravity in lamella separators the clear solution overflows... 

The compact interlacing of crystalline and amorphous regions within typical PEO-based polymer electrolytes could well account for the characteristic impedance plots obtained for these materials [20]. Such plots are characterized (Figure 1.4) by depressed semi-circles and tilted spikes, indicative of constant phase element (CPE) behaviour. A CPE can be thought of as a leaky capacitor such as could be formed by a thin imperfect dielectric (the crystalline lamella) separating the amorphous, inter-lamellar conducting regions. 

Deep cone thickener Lagoon thickener Lamella separator Settling tank thickener... 

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