Lamb normal

The most satisfactory method for the organic farmer to reduce the risk of infection to lambs from internal parasites is to practise clean grazing, which reduces parasitic infection and increases lamb growth rate (Fig. 3.5). The most effective method of clean grazing is, as we have seen, to use a three year rotational system with sheep, followed by cattle, and then arable. This presupposes land that can be ploughed. On permanent pasture farms with no arable, beef and sheep should be alternated. To make this effective, it helps if there are as many beef livestock units as sheep. If the farm contains only sheep, then it is advisable to alternate on an annual basis between ewes with twins and ewes with singles. If the flock normally produces mostly... 

Vaccination of lambs with a contortin-enriched preparation gave a mean reduction in worm burdens of 78% (Table 13.1) (Munn et al., 1987). This result was particularly significant because it showed that proteins expressed on the surface of the gut, albeit from a blood-feeding nematode, could induce high levels of protective immunity when used as an immunogen. These proteins are not normally accessible to the host immune system during the course of infection they are termed hidden or concealed antigens and the immunity conferred by them is described as artificial immunity. 

Fed 5 mg Pb/kg BW first 45 days of pregnancy Bore normal full-term lambs 9... 

Lambs fed diets containing 400 mg Pb/kg, diet adequate in minerals Some weight loss in 10 months, but normal otherwise 4... 

Domestic sheep (Ovis aries) fed a low-zinc diet (2.2 mg Zn/kg DW diet) for 50 days, when compared to those fed a zinc-adequate diet (33 mg Zn/kg DW diet), excreted less zinc (<4 mg daily vs. 23 to 25), consumed less food (409 g daily vs. 898), and had lower plasma zinc concentrations (0.18 mg/L vs. 0.53 to 0.58) a reduction in plasma alkaline phosphatase activity and an increase in plasma zinc binding capacity were also noted (Khandaker and Telfer 1990). Sensitive indicators of zinc deficiency in lambs include significant reductions in plasma alkaline phosphatase activity and plasma zinc concentrations signs were clearly evident in lambs fed 10.8 mg Zn/kg DW diet for 50 to 180 days (Vergnes et al. 1990). A normal diet for lambs contains 124 to 130 mg Zn/kg DW ration vs. 33 for adults (Vergnes et al. 1990). One recommended treatment for zinc-deficient sheep is ruminal insertion of zinc-containing boluses every 40 days bolus zinc release is about 107 mg daily (Khandaker and Telfer 1990). 

Lamb dip spectroscopy provides a very sensitive tool for studying small frequency shifts and broadening of spectral lines which normally would be undetectable because they may be small compared to the doppler width. These investigations yield information about collisions at low pressures, where the effect of far distant collisions is not suppressed by the more effective close collisions. This allows the potential between the collision partners at large intermolecular distances to be examined. 

Vince, M. A., Lynch, J. J., Mottershead, B. E., Green, G. C., and Elwin, R. L. (1987). Interactions between normal ewes and newly born lambs deprived of visual, olfactoiy and tactile sensory infortmition. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 19,119-136. 

The Zemach correction is essentially a nontrivial weighted integral of the product of electric and magnetic densities, normalized to unity. It cannot be measured directly, like the rms proton charge radius which determines the main proton size correction to the Lamb shift (compare the case of the proton size correction to the Lamb shift of order Za) in (6.13) which depends on the third Zemach moment). This means that the correction in (11.4) may only conditionally be called the proton size contribution. 

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