Lactate bacteria

Farm animals produce recombinant proteins less expensively than bacteria or cells in culture because the farm animals produce large volumes of milk containing up to 5 g/L of recombinant protein. In addition, modifications to the proteins that can be performed only by mammalian cells are made by the cells of the mammary gland. Therefore, numerous pharmaceuticals that previously could only be made by cells in culture or extracted from human tissue or blood are being produced by lactating farm animals. 

Slime-Forming Bacteria. Several forms of bacteria produce a slimy capsule under certain environmental conditions. These organisms are heterotrophic, that is, they obtain their energy from organic sources such as sodium lactate. The reaction is... 

Bacteria have been isolated using reduced anthraquinone-2,6-disulfonate (HjAQDS) as electron donor and nitrate as electron acceptor (Coates et al. 2002). The organisms belonged to the a-, p-, y-, and 5-subdivision of the Proteobacteria, and were able to couple the oxidation of H AQDS to the reduction of nitrate with acetate as the carbon source. In addition, a number of C2 and C3 substrates could be used including propionate, butyrate, fumarate, lactate, citrate, and pyruvate. 

There are two pathways for the degradation of nitriles (a) direct formation of carboxylic acids by the activity of a nitrilase, for example, in Bacillus sp. strain OxB-1 and P. syringae B728a (b) hydration to amides followed by hydrolysis, for example, in P. chlororaphis (Oinuma et al. 2003). The monomer acrylonitrile occurs in wastewater from the production of polyacrylonitrile (PAN), and is hydrolyzed by bacteria to acrylate by the combined activity of a nitrilase (hydratase) and an amidase. Acrylate is then degraded by hydration to either lactate or P-hydroxypropionate. The nitrilase or amidase is also capable of hydrolyzing the nitrile group in a number of other nitriles (Robertson et al. 2004) including PAN (Tauber et al. 2000). 

Classic beri-beri, rarely seen in the United States and Europe, except in alcoholism (P4), is endemic in the Far East because of the prevalent diet of decorticated rice (F6). It occurs in two forms wet beri-beri, characterized by edema and cardiovascular symptoms (G6), and dry beri-beri with peripheral neuritis, paralysis, and atrophy of the muscles. Conditions which may predispose to deficiency by increasing thiamine requirements are pregnancy (see section 2.4), and lactation, hyperthyroidism, malignant disease, febrile conditions, increased muscular activity, high carbohydrate diets, and parenteral administration of glucose solutions. A constant supply of thiamine is required for optimal nutrition because storage in the liver and elsewhere is limited. Thiamine is synthesized by bacteria in the intestinal tract of various animals, but this is not a dependable source for man. 

For in situ metal bioprecipitation (ISBP), sulphate-reducing bacteria are provided with electron donors such as molasses, lactate, HRC (Koenigsberg et al., 2002), MRC (Koenigsberg, 2002), ethanol and/or other carbon sources. The bacteria oxidize the electron donor and transfer... 

In ruminants, lactic and propionic acids are the major precursors of glucose. This is particularly important during lactation, since all the carbohydrate in die food is fermented by die bacteria in the rumen, so diat no glucose enters the body but glucose is required for die formation of lactose for the milk (Chapter 6). 

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