Kroto

Kroto H W, Allaf A Wand Balm S P 1991 Cgg Buokminster fullerene Chem. Rev. 91 1213-35... 

Taylor R, Hare J P, Abdul-Sada A K and Kroto H W 1990 Isolation, separation and oharaoterization of the fullerenes Cgg and C g, the 3rd form of oarbon J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun. 1423-5... 

Prassides K, Kroto FI W, Taylor R, Walton D R M, David W I F, Tomkinson J, Fladdon R C, Rosseinsky M J and Murphy D W 1992 Fullerenes and fullerites in the solid state neutron soattering studies Carbon 8 1277-86... 

Leach S, Vervloet M, Despres A, Brcheret E, Hare P, Dennis T J S, Kroto H W, Taylor R and Walton D R M 1992 Electronic spectra and transitions of the fullerene Cgg Chem. Phys. 160 451-66... 

When the experiment was carried out in the fall of 1985 Kroto Curl and Smalley found that un der certain conditions a species with a molecular for mula of Ceo was present in amounts much greater than any other On speculating about what Ceo might be they concluded that its most likely structure is... 

Figure 5.4 Part of the microwave spectmm of cyanodiacetylene. (The many satellite transitions in each group are due to the molecule being in not only the zero-point vibrational state but also a multitude of excited vibrational states.) (Reproduced, with permission, from Alexander, A. J., Kroto, H. W. and Walton, D. R. M., J. Mol. Spectrosc., 62, 175, 1967)...

Kroto, FI. W. (1993) Molecular Rotation Spectra, Dover, New York. 

Further reading Kroto, Fischer and Cox Fullerenes Pergamon Press, Oxford 1993 ISBN 0080421520 Kadish and Ruoff (Eds) Fullerenes Recent Advances in the Chemistry and Physics of Fullerenes and Related Materials The Electrochemical Soc. Inc, Pennington, NJ, 1994 ISBN 1566770823]... 

Fullerenes are described in detail in Chapter 2 and therefore only a brief outline of their structure is presented here to provide a comparison with the other forms of carbon. The C o molecule, Buckminsterfullerene, was discovered in the mass spectrum of laser-ablated graphite in 1985 [37] and crystals of C o were fust isolated from soot formed from graphite arc electrodes in 1990 [38]. Although these events are relatively recent, the C o molecule has become one of the most widely-recognised molecular structures in science and in 1996 the codiscoverers Curl, Kroto and Smalley were awarded the Nobel prize for chemistry. Part of the appeal of this molecule lies in its beautiful icosahedral symmetry - a truncated icosahedron, or a molecular soccer ball, Fig. 4A. 

Regarding a historical perspective on carbon nanotubes, very small diameter (less than 10 nm) carbon filaments were observed in the 1970 s through synthesis of vapor grown carbon fibers prepared by the decomposition of benzene at 1100°C in the presence of Fe catalyst particles of 10 nm diameter [11, 12]. However, no detailed systematic studies of such very thin filaments were reported in these early years, and it was not until lijima s observation of carbon nanotubes by high resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) that the carbon nanotube field was seriously launched. A direct stimulus to the systematic study of carbon filaments of very small diameters came from the discovery of fullerenes by Kroto, Smalley, and coworkers [1], The realization that the terminations of the carbon nanotubes were fullerene-like caps or hemispheres explained why the smallest diameter carbon nanotube observed would be the same as the diameter of the Ceo molecule, though theoretical predictions suggest that nanotubes arc more stable than fullerenes of the same radius [13]. The lijima observation heralded the entry of many scientists into the field of carbon nanotubes, stimulated especially by the un-... 

Carbon is really peculiar is one of the milder remarks by Harold Kroto (1997) in his splendid Nobel lecture. The 1996 Nobel Prize for chemistry was shared by Kroto... 

Morinobu Endo, Kenji Takeuchi, Kiyoharu Kobori, Katsushi TakahashiJ Harold W. Kroto, and A. Sarkar ... 

H. V. Kroto, K. Prassides, R. Taylor, D. R. M. Walton, and M. Endo, International Conference Solid State Devices and Materials of The Japan Society of Applied Physics (1993), p. 104. 

If the template effect of Endo and Kroto[9] does indeed exist and the growth of the tubule occurs outwards, a knowledge of the characteristics of the innermost tube is then of paramount importance in any attempt at modelizing the structure of a symmetric nanotube[ll]. By reversing eqn (17), possible values for Px and Qx can be obtained from... 

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