Kraus method

Many permutation algorithms have been proposed such as Heap Method, Johnson-Trotter Method, Loopless Johnson-Trotter Method, Ives Method, Alternate Ives Method, Langdon Method, Fischer-Krause Method, etc. The heap method runs faster and is simpler than other methods as presented in [5]. A ladder diagram for heap algorithm is depicted in Fig. 4.5. 

Krause, M. et altera Comparison of Pulse-Echo-Methods for Testing Concrete, In NDT E International 1997, Vol. 30, pp. 195-204... 

A. Krause, A. Lange and M. Ezrin, Plastics Analysis Guide - Chemical and Instrumental Methods, Hanser Verlag, Munich (1983). 

Kern and Kraus (1972) give full details of the use of finned tubes in process heat exchangers design and design methods. 

Nicolaou and coworkers used this approach also for the synthesis of hamigerans A and B [30], as well as of several of their epimers [29, 31]. The group of Kraus succeeded in a formal total synthesis of the anticancer agent podophyllotoxin 5-103 from 5-100 [32] (Scheme 5.19) [33]. The method allows a rapid access to the central core 5-102 via 5-101. 

Frischer M, Hickman H, Kraus L, Mariani F and Wiessing L (2001). A comparison of different methods for estimating the prevalence of problematic drug misuse in Great Britain. 

Principle Chlorophyll fluorescence is a sensitive and early indicator of damage to photosynthesis and to the physiology of the plant resulting from the effect of allelochemicals, which directly or indirectly affects the function of photosystem II (Bolhar-Nordenkemf et ah, 1989, Krause and Weiss 1991). This approach is convenient for a photosynthesis analysis in situ and in vivo and quick detection of otherwise invisible leaf damage. The photosynthetic plant efficiency was measured using the method of induced chlorophyll fluorescence kinetics of photosystem II [Fo, non-variable fluorescence Fm, maximum fluorescence Fv=Fm-Fo, variable fluorescence t /2, half the time required to reach maximum fluorescence from Fo to Fm and photosynthetic efficiency Fv/Fm]. 

B. Kraus, M. Kaiser, Radiation thermometer and method of computing the temperature , U.S. Patent 6149298 (2000)... 

Krause RT. 1973. Detemiination of several chlorinated pesticides by the AOAC multiresidue method with additional quantitation of perthane after dehydrochlorination Collaborative study. J Assoc Off Anal Chern 56(3)721-727. 

Marcinkowsky, A. E., J. S. Johnson and K. A. Kraus. 1968. Hyperfiltration method of removing organic solute from aqueous solution. U.S. Patent 3,537,988. 

Krause et al. worked on the conversions of 2-hydroxy-3,4-dienoates in the corresponding tri- and tetrasubstituted 2,5-dihydrofuranes by treatment with HCl gas in chloroform. Since this reaction was not accessible with acid-labile substrates [30,31], these conversions were tested through gold catalysis, obtaining better reaction rates and transformations in more difficult substrates compared to the well-established Ag(I)-promoted method [32]. 

Danishefsky Hershenson J. Org. Chem. 1979, 44. 1180 Ono Miyake Kamimura Kaji J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans. I 1987, 1929. For another method of controlling regioselectivity, see Kraus Liras Tetrahedron Lett. 1989,30. 1907. 

A value for the equivalent conductance at infinite dilution for lithium bromide in acetone was first calculated in 1905 by Dutoit and Levier (13) for 18°C 166 12 1 cm2 eq-1. A graphical method involving Ostwald s dilution law (A-1 = Ao-1 + cA/KdAq2), applied to their data in 1913 by Kraus and Bray (14), produced values of 5.7 X 10 4 for Kd and 165 12 1 cm2 eq-1 for Aq. Deviations from the mass action law (nonlinearity in the graph) become appreciable at concentrations of ca. 10 3N. Both groups pointed out that measurements in acetone are liable to error from several sources, including the presence of solvent impurities and exposure to light. A solvent correction of 21% was applied to their most dilute solution. 

Reynolds and Kraus (17) obtained conductance for 14 salts in acetone at 25°C, and used the Fuoss method to calculate their equivalent conductances at infinite dilution. Among the salts were tetra-n-butylammonium fluorotri-phenylborate, tetra-n-butylammonium picrate, lithium picrate, and tetra-n-butylammonium bromide. They then derived ionic equivalent conductances at infinite dilution by the method of Fowler (18) using tetra-n-butylammonium fluorotriphenylborate as the reference electrolyte and obtained a value of 188.7 12 1 cm2 eq-1 for Aq for lithium bromide. 

---