Kraepelin

Kraepelin, E. (1899). Psychiatrie Ein lekrbuchfur studierende und aerzte (6th ed.) [Psychiatry A textbook for studying and practitioners]. Leipzig, Germany Barth. 

Our understanding of the clinical cause of schizophrenia has evolved considerably in the last 20 years. Until the 1980s, Emil Kraepelin s notion that schizophrenia is a neurodegenerative disease basically went unquestioned. What we now call schizophrenia, Kraepelin called dementia praecox, literally precocious dementia. He believed that the illness followed a progressive downhill course and culminated in dementia. It later became clear that not all schizophrenia patients follow this deteriorating course, but the neurodegenerative concept of the illness continued for years to hold sway. 

It is interesting to note that one of the founders of modern psychiatry, Kraepelin, listed only nine substances that were available for the treatment of psychiatric illness in the 1890s. These were opium, morphine, scopolamine, hashish, chloral hydrate, a barbiturate, alcohol, chloroform and various bromides. Later Bleuler, another founder of modern psychiatry, added paraldehyde and sodium barbitone to the list. Thus psychopharmacology is a very recent area of medicine which largely arose from the chance discovery of chlorpromazine by Delay and Deniker in France in 1952, and of imipramine by Kuhn in Switzerland in 1957. 

Griesinger devoted only little space to the use of medicaments in the treatment of mental illness, but Kraepelin s textbook of psychiatry (1899) made various references to the use of pharmaceuticals in the treatment of the mentally ilL Some of these are preparations having a certain tradition in psychiatry, whereas others were substances that had been discovered in the intervening period (Table 2.3). And yet, comparison of this list with Griesinger s recommendations shows how little progress had been made in the 40 or so years that had elapsed although the number of hypnotics had grown somewhat, no fundamentally new types of activity had been found. 

Apart from some technical refinements, many of the methods described by Kraepelin in his 1892 monograph are still used today in psychological experiments dealing with various aspects of mental performance. What has... 

Despite many shortcomings in trial design and execution, the results reported by Kraepelin are interesting ... 

In the Summary of the results , which he formulated with great caution. Kraepelin made the following comments ... 

Whereas the care devoted by Kraepelin to the individual assessment methods was in some contrast to the more loosely handled experimental design and conditions, great importance nowadays is laid on details of design and statistical analysis of human pharmacological studies. The most important elements in the organization of such trials are ... 

Kraepelin, E. Uher the Beemfiussung emfacher psvchischer Vorgmge durch einige Arzneimittel. John Ambrosius Barth, Jena, 1892. 

Kraepelin, E. Psvchiatrie. Bd.1 Allgemeine Psychiatrie, sechste Auflage. Leipzig, 1899. 

The identification of this illness in modern psychiatry began with Kahibaum, who described catatonia Hecker, who described hebephrenia and Emil Kraepelin, who described dementia praecox (1,2, 3 and 4). 

In contrast to Kraepelin, who emphasized the progressive course and poor outcome, the Swiss psychiatrist Eugen Bleuler ( 6) used a much broader concept of schizophrenia. Focusing on the thought disorder and the inconsistent, inappropriate, and disorganized affect, he identified four fundamental symptoms ... 

Historically, the diagnosis of schizophrenia in the United States has been based on bleulerian and psychoanalytic theory, partly due to the greater influence of the latter group in the 1950 s and 1960 s. In contrast, European psychiatry used a narrower set of diagnostic criteria, similar to Kraepelin s approach. 

This category is attributed to Kahibaum and Kraepelin, who saw paranoia as a chronic, unremitting system of delusions distinguished by both the absence of hallucinations and the deterioration seen in schizophrenia. This disorder is characterized by one or more nonbizarre delusions of at least 1 month s duration. 

Kraepelin E. Dementia praecox and paraphrenia. Barclay RM, trans. Huntington, NY Robert Krieger, 1971 (facsimile of 1919 edition). 

Kraepelin E. In Dementia Praecox and Paraphrenia. Edinburgh E S Livingstone, 1919 87. 

H Peeters, R Zocher, N Madry, PB Oelrichs, H Kleinkauf, G Kraepelin. Cell-free synthesis of the depsipeptide beauvericin. J Antibiot 36 1762-1766, 1983. 

At the beginning of the 20th century, Emil Kraepelin, a German psychiatrist divided severe psychiatric disturbance into two conditions dementia praecox, which became known as schizophrenia, and manic depression. 

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