Kohler system

The Kohler system shown in Fig. 3.7A gives an evenly lit field (as long as the first condenser is corrected for spherical aberration). It uses the back focal plane of the first condenser lens as the object which is imaged by the substage condenser into the specimen plane. The field diaphragm, at... 

Recent papers from the Philips Laboratories37 40 contain thorough discussions of the Geiger counter, the proportional counter, and the scintillation counter, and significant performance data for all three, the emphasis being placed throughout upon x-ray applications. The detection system employed by Parrish and Kohler was particularly noteworthy in that it could conveniently accommodate any one of four detectors. ... 

Kohler, B., Folsch, D.W., Strube, J. Lange, K. (2000) The influence of housing systems on the egg quality under particular consideration of the elements fresh grass and lighting conditions. Proceedings of the 13th International IFOAM Scientific Conference, Basel, Switzerland, pp. 289-292. 

Kohler J (1994) Origin and succession of phytoplankton in a river-lake-system (Spree, Germany). Hydrobiologia 289 73-83... 

The shape of the modulation vs. frequency curve for a given NA and wavelength is dependent on the degree of spatial coherency illuminating system as shown in Figure 18. Two types of illumination systems are used in projection printers, Kohler illumination and critical illumination, shown in Figures 19a and b respectively. With Kohler illumination. 

Figure 19. Two common types of illumination systems (a) Kohler, (b)...

The Kohler model is a general model based on linear combination of the binary interactions among the components in a mixture, calculated as if they were present in binary combination (relative proportions) and then normalized to the actual molar concentrations in the multicomponent system. The generalized expression for the excess Gibbs free energy is... 

Figure 5.62 shows in detail the distribution of the NaAlSi30g component between unmixed phases at F = 900 °C and Pu20 = 0.5 kbar, as observed by Seek (1971) and compared with Wohl s and Kohler s predictions. In both models, the binary interaction parameters are those deduced by Saxena (1973) on the basis of Orville s (1972) data for the NaAlSi30g-CaAl2Si20g system, coupled with the experimental observations of Seek (1971). 

Kohler F. (1960). Zur Berechnung der thermodynamischen Daten eines temaren Systems aus den zugehorigen binaren Systemen. Monatsh. Chem., 96 1228-1251. 

Both the Muggianu and Kohler equations can be considered symmetrical as they treat the components in the same way and do not differentiate between them. This is true for another method suggested by Colinet (1967) which is derived differently than either the Kohler or Muggianu equations but which can be reduced to the Muggianu equation (Hillert 1980). Toop s equation (1965) is essentially different in that it considers one of the binary systems does not behave in the same way as the others and the extrapolation is based essentially on two of the binaries having identical mole-fraction products with the mole-fiaction products of the third being different. For a sub-regular solution Toop s equation breaks down to (Hillert 1980)... 

B. Kohler 1 would like to ask two questions to Prof. Zewail. First, in your investigation of the electron transfer reaction in a benzene- complex, the sample trajectory calculations you showed appear to suggest that the charge transfer step may induce vibrationally coherent motion in h-. Have you tested this possibility experimentally My second question concerns your intriguing results on a tautomerization reaction in a model base-pair system. In many of the barrierless chemical reactions you have studied, you have been able to show that an initial coherence created in the reactant molecules is often observable in the products. In the case of the 7-azaindole dimer system your measurements indicate that reaction proceeds quite slowly on the time scale of vibrational motions (such as the N—H stretch) that are coupled to the reaction coordinate. What role do you think coherent motion might play in reactions such as this one that have a barrier ... 

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