Kilocalories conversion

The use of non-SI units is strongly discouraged. For these units there often do not exist standards, and for historical reasons the same denomination may mean sundry units. For example, it is common practice in theoretical chemistry to state energy values in kilocalories. However, to convert a calorie to the SI unit Joule, there exist different conversion factors ... 

For chemical reactions and phase transformations, the energy absorbed or liberated is measured as heat. The principal unit for reporting heat is the calorie, which is defined as the energy needed to raise the temperature of 1 gram of water at l4.5° C by a single degree. The term kilocalorie refers to 1,000 calories. Another unit of energy is the joule (rhymes with school), which is equal to 0.239 calories. Conversely, a calorie is 4.184 joules. The translation of calories to joules, or kilocalories to kilojoules, is so common in chemical calculations that you should memorize the conversion factors. 

It therefore requires 12.78 kilocalories of energy to heat this particular piece of aluminum. Conversely, if a kilogram of the same metal cooled from 70° to 10°, 12.78 kcal of heat will be released into the environment. 

The requirements set out in this publication and taken mainly from the report on the Nutrient Requirements of Poultry (NRC, 1994) are based on ME (AME), expressed as kilocalories (kcal) or megacalories (Meal)/kg feed. This energy system is used widely in North America and in many other countries. Energy units used in some countries are based on joules (J), kilojoules (kj) or megajoules (MJ). A conversion factor can be used to convert calories to joules, i.e. IMeal = 4.184 MJ 1MJ = 0.239 Meal and 1MJ = 239 kcal. Therefore, the tables of feedstuff composition in this publication show ME values expressed as MJ or kj as well as keal/kg. 

Kilocalories, 14 conversion of, 246 Kilojoules, 14 conversion of, 246 Kinetically equivalent terms, 123 Kinetically indistinguishable terms, 123 Kinetic equivalence, 123, 136, 217, 349 in intramolecular catalysis, 267 salt effect and, 411 Kinetic isctdpe effects, 292 primaiy, 293 secondary, 298 solvent, 300... 

The minimum number of significant figures used in the conversion is two, so the answer correctly has two digits. A value of the order of 10 or 10 is expected because the given number of kilocalories is of the order of 10 and it must be multiplied by 10 to convert it to calories. Then, the calories must be multiplied by a factor of approximately 4. Therefore, the answer is reasonable. 

To conform with common practice in nutritional science, the energy content is given in kilocalories. For conversion to kilojoules, this number should be multiplied by 4.184. For conversion to the avoirdupois units frequently used in the United States, note that ... 

This is an experimental fact reproducible in any well-equipped laboratory. Using the conversion factors in Eq. 4.22, we can easily convert all the terms in the energy balance to a common basis. In SI the use of the calorie is discouraged thermal energy quantities are to be expressed only in joules.. However, the use of the calorie (or kilocalorie) is quite common in countries using metric units. Today s student will have to be familiar with its use. 

Table 1.2 The Butadiene tc-system, with AN=N =4, frontier energetic quantities, ionization potential IP), electron affinity EA), electronegativity (x), and chemical hardness (rj) of Eqs. 1.7 and 1.8 - in electron volts (eV), and the resulted parabolic energy of Eq. 1.98, alongside with the 7t-related energy based on the Hiickel simplified (with Coulomb integrals set to zero, a = 0) expression of (1.97) for the experimental/Hiickel method and on the related energy form of Eq. 1.101 and the other semi-empirical methods CNDO, INDO, MINDO, MNDO, AMI, PM3, ZINDO) as described in the previous section - expressed in kilocalories per mol (kcal/mol) their ratio in the last column reflects the value of the actual departure of the electronegativity and chemical hardness parabolic effect from the pi-bonding energy, while for the first (Exp Hiickel) line it expresses the resonance contribution (and a sort of P factor integral) in (1.97) for the tt-bond in this system the eV to kcal/mol conversion follows the rule 1 eV = 23.069 kcal/mol...

In Fig. 57 are shown the values of —dFo in kilocalories per mole for the conversion of glucose into alcohol or into lactic add and for the conversion of glycogen into lactic add. A part of this free energy is lost as heat but the remainder is retained in reserve in the form of ATP energy-rich bonds. A balance-sheet can be drawn up for the free energy and for the phosphate bonds and from it we can determine the effidency of the process. In the course of the phosphorylation of glucose and of the phosphorylation of F—6— P, in each case a mole of ATP has been used up. On the other hand. 

Calculate the number of kilocalories, calories, and joules in 42.5 kJ. Set up the kJ kcal conversion first. 

Answer. Using the conversion factors above, we start with the given 45 000 J and convert it to kilocalories. 

Bulk Polymerization. Bulk or mass polymerization is conducted with undiluted monomers and prepolymers. It is most successful in reactions where the monomer, like styrene and methyl methacrylate, will dissolve its polymer. The major difficulty associated with bulk polymerization is dissipating the exotherm that accompanies the process. For example, conversion of a carbon-carbon double bond to a single bond evolves about 30 kilocalories/mole of double bond. For polystyrene this amounts to about 290 calories/g, enough energy to severely overheat the mass if a way is not provided to transfer this heat from the polymerizing bulk. 

One kilocalorie (kcal) is equal to 1000 calories, and one kilojoule (kJ) is equal to 1000 joules. The equalities and conversion factors follow ... 

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