Kilauea

Perhaps the most useful contribution made by flavonoids in this group of plants, however, was the assistance they provided in studies of natural hybridization between Dubautia scabra and D. ciliolata (Crins et al., 1988a). Dubautia scabra is a pioneer plant that colonizes new lava moderately D. ciliolata occurs on somewhat older lava. Where newer flows overlap older ones, one can often find plants with features intermediate between the two species. This phenomenon is readily observed in the vicinity of Kilauea Volcano on the island of Hawaii, where one finds D. scabra subsp. scabra on newer substrate and D. ciliolata subsp. glutinosa on the older substrate. Since the two taxa exhibit different flavonoid profiles, and we know that flavonoid profiles are inherited in an additive fashion, hybrids would be expected to exhibit flavonoid markers inherited from each parent. A major advantage in this study was the availability of known Fj hybrids that had been produced from controlled crosses at the University of Hawaii (by G. D. Carr). Analysis of the... 

Ra- Th disequilibria have also been measured in several prehistoric and historic lava flows from Hawaiian volcanoes (e.g., Cohen and O Nions 1993 Hemond et al. 1994 Sims et al. 1999 Pietruszka et al. 2001). All these authors assume that the ( Ra/ Th) ratios have not been affected by radioactive decay in the shallow open-system reservoirs of tholeiitic volcanoes like Kilauea, and this is supported by independent evidence for short magma residence times (e.g., < 200 years Pietruszka and Garcia 1999). 

Pietruszka AJ, Garcia MO (1999) The size and shape of Kilauea Volcano s summit magma storage reservoir a geochemical probe. Earth Planet Sci Lett 167 311 -320... 

Pietraszka AJ, Rubin KH, Garcia MO (2001) disequilibria of historical Kilauea lavas... 

Cooper KM, Reid, Mary R, Murrell, MT, Clague, DA (2001) Crystal and magma residence at Kilauea Volcano, Hawaii. " °Th- Ra dating of the 1955 East Rift eruption. Earth Planet Sci Lett 184 703-718 Condomines M, Hemond C, Allegre CJ (1988) U-Th-Ra radioactive disequilibria and magmatic processes. Earth Planet Sci Lett 90 243-262... 

Hemond C, Hofmann AW, Heusser G, Condomines M, Rhodes JM, Garcia MO (1994) U-Th-Ra systematics in Kilauea and Manna Loa basalts. Contrib Mineral Petrol 116 163-180 Hirose K (1997) Partial melt compositions of carbonated peridohte at 3 GPa and role of CO2 in alkali basalt magma generation. Geophys Res Lett 24 2837-2840... 

However, the origin of the water on Mars is still unknown. Since the Earth and Mars have some common features in their history, the water on Mars could have come both from its interior and from comets and asteroids. The huge size of the Martian shield volcanoes, one class of which resembles the shield volcanoes Kilauea and Mauna Kea on Hawaii, suggests that a large proportion of the water was of volcanic origin. 

Ryan, M. P. (1988). The mechanics and three-dimensional internal structure of active magmatic systems Kilauea volcano, Hawaii. J. Geophys. Res., 93, 4213-48. 

Figure 4. Plot of Li isotopic composition vs. MgO content for samples of the Kilauea Iki lava lake, Hawaii (Tomascak et al. 1999b). Cored basalt samples show a range of crystallization temperatures (estimated for four of the samples). The absence of permil-level variation in 5 Li indicates that Li isotopes do not fractionate appreciably during crystallization in mantle systems. Open symbols (o) are replicate measurements.

Mantle composition can also be assessed through examination of lavas from other oceanic settings. In a study of well-characterized Hawaiian lavas, Chan and Frey (2003) found a total range indH i that overlaps the range for MORE, +2.5 to +5.7. Other data from Kilauea volcano substantiate this range (Tomascak et al. 1999b). The Hawaii data, when compared with other isotopic and elemental parameters, suggested incorporation of recycled altered oceanic crust into the source of the Hawaiian plume (Chan and Frey 2003). 

Nordlie B. E. (1971). The composition of the magmatic gas of Kilauea and its behavior in the near surface environment. Amer. Jour. Set, 271 417-473. 

Gerlach TM, Taylor BE (1990) Carbon isotope constraints on degassing of carbon dioxide from Kilauea volcano. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 54 2051-2058 Gerlach TM, Thomas DM (1986) Carbon and sulphur isotopic composition of Kilauea parental magma. Nature 319 480-483... 

Sakai H, Casadevall TJ, Moore JG (1982) Chemistry and isotope ratios of sulfur in basalts and volcanic gases at Kilauea volcano, Hawaii. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 46 729-738 Sakai H, DesMarais DJ, Ueda A, Moore JG (1984) Concentrations and isotope ratios of carbon, nitrogen and sulfur in ocean-floor basalts. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 48 2433-2441 Sano Y, Marty B (1995) Origin of carbon in fumaroUc gas from island arcs. Chem Geol 119 265-274... 

Figure 6.13 LA-ICP-MS results for trace elements on basalt glass (KL2-G from the Kilauea Volcano on Hawaii) using different glass standards (NIST SRM 612 and BCR-2G) compared to recommended value.

In recent years. Znller and associates University of Maryland) have studied six active volcanoes iAugustine, Mount St. Helens. El Chiehdn. Arcnal. Poas. and Colima) and have found no evidence of lr enrichment. The new Kilauea evidence of volcanic action as an Ir source tends to conflict with that of other researchers who have generally attributed the Ir anomaly to an extraterrestrial source, such as resulting from a cataclysmic meteorite or asteroid impact, notably in connection with (he Cretaceous-Tertiary [K i t boundary layer. 

Edmonds M, Gerlach TM (2006) The Airborne Lava-Seawater Interaction Plume at Kilauea Volcano, Hawai i. Earth Planet Sci Lett 244 83... 

Kilauea volcano, Hawaii, USA, erupted in January, 1983. During a two-week period including the eruption, atmospheric particulate matter (PM) around the volcano was collected on 0.4 pm air filters (Zoller, Parrington and Phelan Kotra, 1983). Measurements of the atmospheric particles yielded 0.0045-1.600 ng m-3 (nanograms of arsenic per cubic meter of air). Before the eruption, the average arsenic concentrations were 0.013-0.039 ng m-3 (Zoller, Parrington and Phelan Kotra, 1983). 

Zoller, W.H., Parrington, J.R. and Phelan Kotra, J.M. (1983) Iridium enrichment in airborne particles from Kilauea volcano January 1983. Science, 222(4628), 1118-21. 

Honda, M., McDougall, I., Patterson, D. B., Doulgeris, A., Clague, D. A. (1993a) Noble gases in submarine pillow basalt glasses from Loihi and Kilauea, Hawaii A solar component in the Earth. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 57, 859-74. 

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