Ketones, methyl vinyl transfer hydrogenation

The dimerization of functional alkenes such as acrylates and acrylonitrile represents an attractive route to obtain bifunctional compounds such as dicarboxylates and diamine, respectively. The head-to-tail dimerizahon of acrylates and vinyl ketones was catalyzed by an iridium hydride complex generated in situ from [IrCl(cod)]2 and alcohols in the presence of P(OMe)3 and Na2C03 [26]. The reaction of butyl acrylate 51 in the presence of [IrCl(cod)]2 in 1-butanol led to a head-to-tail dimer, 2-methyl-2-pentenedioic acid dibutyl ester (53%), along with butyl propionate (35%) which is formed by hydrogen transfer from 1-butanol. In order to avoid... 

This reaction was first reported by Nenitzescu in 1931. It is the formation of an a,p-unsaturated ketone directly by aluminum chloride-promoted acylation of alkenes with acyl halides. Therefore, it is known as the Darzens-Nenitzescu reaction (or Nenitzescu reductive acylation), or Nenitzescu acylation. Under such reaction conditions, Nenitzescu prepared 2-butenyl methyl ketone from acetyl chloride and 1-butene and dimethylacetylcyclohex-ene from acetyl chloride and cyclooctene. However, in the presence of benzene or hexane, the saturated ketones are often resolved, as supported by the preparation of 4-phenyl cyclohexyl methyl ketone from the reaction of cyclohexene and acetyl chloride in benzene, and the synthesis of 3- or 4-methylcyclohexyl methyl ketone by refluxing the mixture of cycloheptene and acetyl chloride in cyclohexane or isopentane. This is probably caused by the intermolecular hydrogen transfer from the solvent. In addition, owing to its intrinsic strain, cyclopropyl group reacts in a manner similar to an oleflnic functionality so that it can be readily acylated. It should be pointed out that under various reaction conditions, the Darzens-Nenitzescu reaction is often complicated by the formation of -halo ketones, 3,)/-enones, or /3-acyloxy ketones. This complication can be overcome by an aluminum chloride-promoted acylation with vinyl mercuric chloride, resulting in a high purity of stereochemistry. ... 

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