Kelvin, William Thomson

Kanevskii s scale - potential, - absolute potential Kelvin (William Thomson, Baron Kelvin of Largs)... 

Refs. [i] Preston-Thomas H (1990) Metrologia 27 3, errata Metrologia 27 107 [ii] Quinn T] (1990) Temperature. Academic Press, New York [Hi] Cohen ER, Cvitas T, Frey /G et at. (eds) (2007) IUPAC quantities, units and symbols. In Physical chemistry, 3rd edn, RSC Publishing, Cambridge, UK, pp 4,85-87 [iv]Lord Kelvin (William Thomson) (1848) Philos Mag33 313 Reprinted in Sir William Thomson (1882) Mathematical and physical papers, vol. 1. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp 100-106... 

It will be seen in Chapter VII ( 18k) that it is possible to develop an absolute temperature scale, also independent of the nature of the thermometric substance, based on the second law of thermodynamics. This is sometimes called the Kelvin scale, in honor of its originator. Lord Kelvin (William Thomson). Actually, the thermodynamic scale can be shown to be identical with the absolute ideal gas scale, as defined above hence, temperatures on the latter, as well as the former, scale are represented by the symbol K. The ice point is consequently 273.16 K. It may be noted, incidentally, that the thermodynamic derivation of the absolute temperature scale provides a more definite interpretation of the absolute zero, i.e., the lowest limit of temperature, than is possible by means of the ideal gas thermometer. ... 

Although, in hindsight, the 1932 model of Z protons and N = A — Z) neutrons became obsolete in 1964 (as seen below), it is still the colloquial way of thinking in nuclear physics, and it served to describe the stellar and the major part of the prestellar (primordial) nucleosynthesis. Since geologists pointed out their dissatisfaction with the maximum life-time of 50 million years for our Sun, if powered by gravitational contraction, as first calculated by Lord Kelvin [William Thomson (1824-1907)] one had looked to something like radioactivity, but it was found that the only viable reaction is... 

The term 1/a has units of temperature. We are now able to define a new temperature scale such that 1/a new degrees is equivalent to 0°C, and (1/a+l) new degrees is equivalent to 1°C, and so on. This means that the gas volume is directly proportional to temperature measured on our new scale. In fact no gas obeys this relationship exactly, although helium comes very close to it. We none the less find that all gases obey it at the limit of zero pressure. The hypothetical ideal gas is thus defined as one which does obey it over all ranges. The temperature scale which results is named after Lord Kelvin (William Thomson) who was its originator. 

An alternative statement of the second law, due to Lord Kelvin (William Thomson, 1824-1907) and Max Planck (1858-1947), is that it is not possible to construct a device operating in a cycle that results in no effect other than, the production of work by tran.sferring heat from a single body. A schematic diagram of a Kelvin-Planck device is shown below. 

The fact that the efficiency of a reversible heat engine is independent of the physical and chemical nature of the engine has an important consequence which was noted by Lord Kelvin, William Thomson (1824-1907). Following Carnot s work, Lord Kelvin introduced the absolute scale of temperature. The efficiency of a reversible heat engine is a function only of the temperatures of the hot and cold reservoirs, independent of the material properties of the engine. Furthermore, the efficiency cannot exceed 1, in accordance with the First Law. These two facts can be used to define an absolute scale of temperature which is independent of any material properties. 

Carnot s research also made a major contribution to the second law of thermodynamics. Since the maximum efficiency of a Carnot engine is given by 1 -T( H, if the engine is to be 100 percent efficient (i.e., Cma = 1), Tc must equal zero. This led William Thomson (Lord Kelvin) to propose in 1848 that Tf must be the absolute zero of the temperature scale later known as the absolute scale or Kelvin scale. ... 

After Pierre s death, Marie was faced with having to present her work without the support and social skills of her husband. Furthermore, she spent numerous years defending her work from William Thomson (Lord Kelvin) who did not believe that radioactivity... 

It IS wrong to see Maxwell s achievement as one of merely translating Faraday s ideas into precise mathematical language. Though he once described Faraday as the nucleus of eveiything electric since 1830, two other men, William Thomson (Lord Kelvin) and Wilhelm Weber, were equally influential. 

Capillary waves occur spontaneously at liquid surfaces or liquid liquid interfaces due to thermal fluctuations of the bulk phases. These waves have been known as surface tension waves, ripples, or ripplons for the last century, and Lamb described their properties in his book Hydrodynamics in 1932 [10]. Before that, William Thomson (Lord Kelvin) mentioned these waves in some of his many writings. 

It was only four years later that Lord Kelvin (nee William Thomson) came across the Essay. He kindly arranged for it to be reprinted in Crelle s Journal, and enthusiastically promoted Green s work in Britain and Europe. The enormous impact of Green s legacy on today s world of science has been clearly assessed by Freeman Dyson (1993). 

William Thomson (1824—1907) became Lord Kelvin in 1892. He has several famous namesakes J. Thomson proposed die law that described the dependence of phase transition temperature on size, J.J. and J.P. Thomson (father and son) are die Nobel prize awarded physicists, etc. Thus, to avoid misunderstanding we refer W. Thomson as Kelvin by analogy with J.W. Strutt (1842-1919), who got his title (Lord Rayleigh) in 1873 by the inheritance. 

William Thomson [Lord Kelvin], "On Vortex Atoms," Philosophical Magazine 34 (1867) 1524. 

William Thomson [Lord Kelvin], "On Vortex Atoms," 1617 and Ludwig Boltzmann, "On the Necessity of Atomic Theories in Physics," 7374. There seemed to be less resentment among chemists of J. J. Thomson s application of the ether vortex atom to chemistry in his 1882 book. 

Not to be outdone by the French, another Irish scientist took Charles s observations and ran with them. William Thomson, eventually to be known as Lord Kelvin, took stock of all the data available in his mid-19th century heyday and noticed a few things ... 

William Thomson (later Lord Kelvin) was bom in Ireland in the year of Carnot s Reflexions, and became known as one of the most commanding scientific personalities of his era. Both his father (James, later Professor of Mathematics at the University of Glasgow) and his elder brother (also James) were notable scientists as well. Like Carnot, Thomson and his brother were home-schooled by their father, who was widowed when William was only six years old. Both boys proved to be prodigies, and William was first enrolled in the University of Glasgow when only ten years old. Among other accomplishments, William taught himself French by reading Laplace and Fourier, and the latter s analysis of heat diffusion had a formative influence on Thomson s interest in thermodynamic questions. 

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