Kallmann’s syndrome

Quinton H.W., Grant W., Thrasivoulou C.Q. and Besser G.M. (1997). Gonadotropin-releasing hormone immunoreactivity in the nasal epithelia of adults with Kallmann s syndrome and isolated hypogonadotropic hypogonadism, in the early midtrimester human fetus. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 82, 309-314. 

Seminara, S. B., Hayes, F. J., and Crowley, W. F. (1998) Gonadotropin-releasing hormone deficiency in the human (Idiopathic hypogonadotropic hypogonadism and Kallmann s syndrome) Pathophysiological and genetic considerations. Endocr. Rev. 19, 521-539. 

As discussed earlier, Kallmann s syndrome involves hypogonadotropic hypogonadism associated with anosmia or hyposraia and is caused by a defect in the formation and migration of GnRH neurons. Sexual infantilism is the prominent manifestation and primary amenorrhea is common. Finally, delayed pubertal development also should be considered. 

Constitutional delay in the onset of menses (physiological) Nutritional disorders Kallmann s syndrome... 

Hypothalamic dysfunction (Kallmann s syndrome) Pituitary failure (tumor, radiation, surgery) Hyperprolactinemia (drug, tumor)... 

Kjasr, I. Fischer-Hansen, B. 1996b. Luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone and innervation pathways in human prenatal nasal submucosa factors of importance in evaluating Kallmann s syndrome. APMIS, 104, 680-688. 

Franco, B., GuioU, S., PragUola, A., et al. (1991) A gene deleted in Kallmanns syndrome shares homology with neural ceU-adhesion and axonal path-finding molecules. Nature. 353, 529-536. 

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