Kaganer

Murray C B, Kagan C R and Bawendi M G 1995 Self-organization of CdSe nanoorystallites into three-dimensional quantum dot superlattioes Science 270 1335... 

Asymmetric hydrogenation has been achieved with dissolved Wilkinson type catalysts (A. J. Birch, 1976 D. Valentine, Jr., 1978 H.B. Kagan, 1978). The (R)- and (S)-[l,l -binaph-thalene]-2,2 -diylblsCdiphenylphosphine] (= binap ) complexes of ruthenium (A. Miyashita, 1980) and rhodium (A. Miyashita, 1984 R. Noyori, 1987) have been prepared as pure atrop-isomers and used for the stereoselective Noyori hydrogenation of a-(acylamino) acrylic acids and, more significantly, -keto carboxylic esters. In the latter reaction enantiomeric excesses of more than 99% are often achieved (see also M. Nakatsuka, 1990, p. 5586). 

Another possibility for asymmetric reduction is the use of chiral complex hydrides derived from LiAlH. and chiral alcohols, e.g. N-methylephedrine (I. Jacquet, 1974), or 1,4-bis(dimethylamino)butanediol (D. Seebach, 1974). But stereoselectivities are mostly below 50%. At the present time attempts to form chiral alcohols from ketones are less successful than the asymmetric reduction of C = C double bonds via hydroboration or hydrogenation with Wilkinson type catalysts (G. Zweifel, 1963 H.B. Kagan, 1978 see p. 102f.). 

HORNER - KNOWLES - KAGAN Asymmetric Hydrogenation Enantnselective hydrogenation of prochirai olefins with chiral Rh catalysts... 

Cenum mediated or samarium mediated alkylation ol ketones and aldehydes in the presence of esters see also Kagan-Molander. 

KAGAN-MOLANDER Samanum reagent Lanthanide reagents, speoflcally samanum, lor generation of free radicals useful in cyclizations, reductions... 

This reasoning was set forth by Johnston and Rapp [1961] and developed by Ovchinnikova [1979], Miller [1975b], Truhlar and Kupperman [1971], Babamov and Marcus [1981], and Babamov et al. [1983] for reactions of hydrogen transfer in the gas phase. A similar model was put forth in order to explain the transfer of light impurities in metals [Flynn and Stoneham 1970 Kagan and Klinger 1974]. Simple analytical expressions were found for an illustrative model [Benderskii et al. 1980] in which the A-B and B-C bonds were assumed to be represented by parabolic terms. 

For a review of chemical methods for ilctcimining absolute configuration, see Stereochemistry, Fundamentals and Methods, Vol. 3, H. B. Kagan, ed., G. Thieme, Stuttgart, 1977. 

J. Kagan, Organic Photochemistry, Principles and Applications, Academic Press, San Diego, 1993. 

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