K/S ratio

K),s = Ratio of elastic modulus of water to that of the metal pipe material (water hammer)... 

The procedure upon which Basic Protocol 2 is based the researchers utilize K/S ratios to estimate the relative presence of metmyoglobin on meat surfaces. 

The Kubelka-Munk theory assumes a linear relation between the colorant characteristic K/S and the colorant concentration. In general, it is found that the K/S ratio of a component colorant is a nonlinear function of the concentration [3]. This means that it will not be possible to adequately describe the colorant behavior by using a linear relation. Figure 4.2a shows the linear relation that results... 

The reflectance depends upon the K/S ratio and not on the absolute values of K and S. The scattering S coefficient is independent from the wavelength over wide spectral ranges and therefore the SKM function reflects the trend of the absorption K coefficient. Moreover, because SKM is a function of a(hv), a plot of (F(RJj against hv can be used to determine f g in powdered semiconductor oxides. 

The amount of verapamil presented to the liver, and its effective concentration in the region of the hepatic er zymes soon after oral dosing, are related to the rate at which verapamO is absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract into the portal vein and to the flow rate of blood in the portal vein to the liver. For instance, by hypothesizing a Michaelis-Menten metabolic process, when the absorption rate is slow and concentrations in the portal vein and liver are low, the hepatic metabolism of both enantiomers will be approximately first-order. Under these conditions, the K S ratio of the umnetabolized enantiomers leaving the liver will be closely related to the ratio of the Michaelis-Menten saturation constants (K ) for the enantiomers. The observed more rapid metabolism of S-verapamil than R-verapamil (i.e., S-verapamil has the lower systemic concentrations) is consistent with the lower reported for S-verapamil (16). 

Figure 8.4 Variation in Ka/K/S ratio with atomic number [3].

It is important to stress that unnecessary thermodynamic function evaluations must be avoided in equilibrium separation calculations. Thus, for example, in an adiabatic vapor-liquid flash, no attempt should be made iteratively to correct compositions (and K s) at current estimates of T and a before proceeding with the Newton-Raphson iteration. Similarly, in liquid-liquid separations, iterations on phase compositions at the current estimate of phase ratio (a)r or at some estimate of the conjugate phase composition, are almost always counterproductive. Each thermodynamic function evaluation (set of K ) should be used to improve estimates of all variables in the system. 

The criterion used for "too near the plait point" is that ratio of K s for the two "solvent" components is less than seven with the feed composition in the two-phase region. 

Poisson s ratio at 125—375 K isotopes mass number natural abundance, %... 

Another commonly used elastic constant is the Poisson s ratio V, which relates the lateral contraction to longitudinal extension in uniaxial tension. Typical Poisson s ratios are also given in Table 1. Other less commonly used elastic moduH include the shear modulus G, which describes the amount of strain induced by a shear stress, and the bulk modulus K, which is a proportionaHty constant between hydrostatic pressure and the negative of the volume... 

One final point. We earlier defined Poisson s ratio as the negative of the lateral shrinkage strain to the tensile strain. This quantity, Poisson s ratio, is also an elastic constant, so we have four elastic constants E, G, K and v. In a moment when we give data for the elastic constants we list data only for . For many materials it is useful to know that... 

F(FG = normal (shear) component of force A = area u(w) = normal (shear) component of displacement o-(e ) = true tensile stress (nominal tensile strain) t(7) = true shear stress (true engineering shear strain) p(A) = external pressure (dilatation) v = Poisson s ratio = Young s modulus G = shear modulus K = bulk modulus. 

Radiolytic oxidation alters most of the important properties of graphite, including strength, elastic modulus, work of fracture, thermal conductivity, permeability, and diffusivity but does not affect the thermal expansion coefficient or Poisson s ratio. The effects of radiolytic oxidation on the properties of a wide range of graphites have been studied in the U.K. [7,73,74] where it was found that, to a first approximation, they can be described by similar relationships ... 

Chaput, Jeminet and Juillard measured the association constants of several simple polyethylene glycols with Na", K", Cs", and Tl". Phase transfer catalytic processes and most biological processes are more likely to involve the first two cations rather than the latter two, so we will confine the discussion to these. Stability constants for the dimethyl ethers of tetra-, penta-, hexa-, and heptaethylene glycols were determined poten-tiometrically in anhydrous methanol solution and are shown in Table 7.1. In the third column of the table, the ratio of binding constants (Ks/K s) is calculated. Note that Simon and his coworkers have referred to this ratio as the selectivity constant. ... 

Within group (i), square-planar EtPt(CO)(AsPh3)Cl inserts more rapidly than six-coordinate EtIr(CO)2(AsPh3)Cl2. In THE at 40°C, the relative k s are 9 and 1. Comparison of group (ii) alkyl carbonyls reveals the order MeMn(CO)5 > CpMo(CO)3Me > CpFe(CO)2Me. The ratios of the k s are 23 I and 100 1, respectively, in THF at 25° and 50.7°C. The higher reactivity of manganese than of molybdenum is a consequence of the relative entropies, whereas the lowest reactivity of iron is caused by its Jff (Table III). 

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