JS-Caryophyllene

Approximately 230 volatile compounds have been identified in raspberry fruit [35]. The aroma of raspberries is composed of a mixture of ketones and aldehydes (27%) and terpenoids (30%), alcohols (23%), esters (13%) and furanones (5%). The raspberry ketone (Fig. 7.5) along with a-ionone and jS-ionone have been found to be the primary character-impact compounds in raspberries. Other compounds such as benzyl alcohol, (Z)-3-hexen-l-ol, acetic acid, linalool, geraniol, a-pinene, jS-pinene, a-phellandrene, jS-phellandrene and jS-caryophyllene contribute to the overall aroma of mature red raspberries [101-105]. The most important character-impact compounds of raspberries are summarised in Table 7.3. 

When jS-caryophyllene (1) is treated with sulfuric acid in ether, a large assortment of products is formed. Initially, after 1 is consumed, compounds 2 through 4 are the major hydrocarbon products. As time goes on, compounds 2 through... 

The rearrangement of jS.y-epoxyketones with diethylamine has been examined under mild conditions. a,(3-Epoxyketosteroids undergo the Favorskii rearrangement." The rearrangement of three stereoisomers of caryophyllene ketooxirane has been followed in a tert-BuOH-HjO-KOH system. ... 

The effects of sesquiterpene mixtures from leaf extracts of wild and cultivated potatoes on the settling behavior of green peach aphid were studied in dual-choice assays (22). The sesquiterpene fraction of JS. berthaultii had a strong repellent effect on aphid behavior. Due to use of the slow release medium Carboset, this effect was still apparent beyond six hours. The sesquiterpenoid fraction from cv. Chippewa leaves also strongly repelled aphids. The major foliar sesquiterpene in all extracts, B-caryophyllene, had no adverse effect on settling behavior. 

Figure 1 GCMS total ion chromatogram of a commercial hydrodistilled essential oil of Ocimum sanctum. L. Peak identifications 1, a-pinene 2, camphene 3, jS-pinene 4, -myrcene 5, limonene 6, 1,8-cineol 7, (Z -ocimene 8, coapaene 9, fi-bourbonene 10, linalool 11, /1-cubebene 12, (Z -caryophyllene 13, j8-elemene 14, (E)-caryophyllene 15, ot-humulene 16, bomeol 17, -selinene 18, a-selinene 19, germacrene A 20, caryophyllene oxide 21, methyl eugenol 22, eugenoL, Compound tentatively identified on the basis of mass spectral database match. GCMS, gas chromatography mass spectrometry.

Despite their overall high abundance, the sesquiterpene hydrocarbons ( )-caryophyllene and )S-elemene were not detected by GCO and AEDA. This indicates that these compounds may play either no role or only a minor role in the overall aroma of O. sanctum. Results of AEDA (Table 1) indicate that eugenol cloves) is the predominant odorant in the essential oil, followed by jS-damascenone (floral, applesauce), 2-isopropyl-3-methoxypyr-azine (earthy, potato), and 1,8-cineol (minty, eucalyptus). The fact that eugenol and 1,8-cineol are key aroma components is not surprising and is supported by previous studies [1-9]. However, jS-damascenone and 2-isopropyl-3-methoxypyrazine had not been previously reported as components of O. sanctum. The AEDA procedure was conducted on the fresh herb to determine whether these latter components are indeed natural constituents of the herb or whether they are generated during the production of the... 

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