Jetted Anchors

Jetted anchors use a jet or pulsating supply of water at the anchor tip to erode soil and allow anchor penetration. A typical small diver-operated unit as shown in Figure 10.41 may be capable of sustaining loads of 2-10 kips in a granular soil. When used in cohesive soil, there may not be sufficient density of the backfill material to develop a reasonable breakout capacity. Jetting techniques have been applied to other anchor types such as pile, deadweight, or mushroom anchors, but must be used judiciously so as to develop sufficient soil density around the anchor after placement. 

Illustration of jetted anchor. (From Taylor, R.. et at. Handbook for Uplift Resisting Anchors, U.S. Navy, Civil Engineering Laboratory, Port Hueneme, CA, 1975.)... 

The superheated steam generated in the superheater section is coHected in a header pipe that leads to the plant s high pressure steam turbine. The steam turbine s rotor consists of consecutive sets of large, curved, steel aHoy disks, each of which anchors a row of precision-cast turbine blades, also caHed buckets, which protmde tangentiaHy from the shaft and impart rotation to the shaft when impacted by jets of high pressure steam. Rows of stationary blades are anchored to the steam turbine s outer sheH and are located between the rows of moving rotor blades. 

Some vessels may be exposed to a runaway chemical reaction or even an explosion. This requires relief valves, rupture disks, or, in extreme cases, a barricade (the vessel is expendable). A vessel with a large rupture disk needs anchors designed For the jet thrust when the disk blows. 

The high-surface-area TUD-1 can serve as an anchor for many catalysts. Si- or Al-Si-TUD-1 (24,25) can be used as a support for various noble metals (Pt, PtPd, Ir, etc.). This will provide catalysts suitable for the hydrogenation of olefins and aromatics. In the refining industry, one use is the hydrogenation of polynuclear aromatics ( PNAs ) in diesel fuel, which can lower the fuel s toxic properties. Also, jet fuel has an aromatics constraint, designed to lessen smoke formation. Cracked stocks (e.g., coker or visbreaker liquids) generally have undesirable olefins (especially a-olefins) that also need to be saturated prior to final processing. 

Prior to functionalization the carbon nanomaterials were washed in concentrated nitric acid (65% Fisher Scientific) for 8 h using a Soxhlet device in order to remove catalyst residues of the nanomaterial synthesis as well as to create anchor sites (surface oxides) for the Co on the surface of the nanomaterials. After acid treatment the feedstock was treated overnight with a sodium hydrogen carbonate solution (Gruessing) for neutralization reasons. For the functionalization of the support media with cobalt particles, a wet impregnation technique was applied. For this purpose 10 g of the respective nanomaterial and 10 g of cobalt(II)-nitrate hexahydrate (Co(N03)2-6 H20, Fluka) were suspended in ethanol (11) and stirred for 24 h. Thereafter, the suspension was filtered via a water jet pump and finally entirely dried using a high-vacuum pump (5 mbar). 

It is well known that in a jet flame blow-out occurs if the air-fuel mixture flow rate is increased beyond a certain limit. Figure 18.3 shows the relationship between the blow-out velocity and the equivalence ratio for a premixed flame. The variation of blow-out velocity is observed for three different cases. First, the suction collar surrounding the burner is removed and the burner baseline performance obtained. Next, the effect of a suction collar itself without suction flow is documented. These experiments show that for the nozzle geometry studied, the free jet flame (without the presence of the collar) blows out at relatively low exit velocities, e.g., 2.15 m/s at T = 1.46, whereas for > 2 flame lift-off occurs. When the collar is present without the counterflow, the flame is anchored to the collar rim and blows out with the velocity of 8.5 m/s at T = 4. Figure 18.4a shows the photograph of the premixed flame anchored to the collar rim. The collar appears to have an effect similar to a bluff-body flame stabilizer. The third... 

At the conclusion of the test, the unanchored mastic exhibited the loss of appreciable initial adhesion to the metal. The lath-anchored panel was subjected to the fire only 25 minutes because the extreme heat fused the jets of the burner, necessitating cessation of the test. After cooling, the mastic layer from this panel could not be removed even with application of considerable face. Whenever excellent bondage under fire is desirable, anchorage of the mastic is desirable. 

Assume Poiseuille flow in the burner tube. The gas velocity is zero at the stream boundary (wall) and increases to a maximum in the center of the stream. The linear dimensions of the wall region of interest are usually very small in slow-burning mixtures such as methane and air, they are of the order of 1 mm. Since the burner tube diameter is usually large in comparison, as shown in Pig. 31, the gas velocity near the wall can be represented by an approximately linear vector profile. Figure 31 represents the conditions in the area where the flame is anchored by the burner rim. Further assume that the flow lines of the fuel jet are parallel to... 

Fluid viscosity and volume to be mixed are the most significant factors. Propellers viscosity <3000 mPa-s volumes <750 m Turbines and paddles viscosity <50,000 mPa-s volumes <75 m Liquid jets viscosity <1000 mPa s volumes >750 m Air agitation viscosity <1000 mPa-s volumes >750 mT Anchors viscosity <100,000 mPa-s Re <10,000 volumes <30 mT Kneaders viscosity 4,000 to 1.5 x 10 mPa s volumes 3 to 75 m Roll mills viscosity 10 to 200,000 mPa s volumes 60 to 450 m For viscosity >10 consider extruders, Banbury mixers, and kneaders. Paddle reel/stator-rotor gentle mechanical mixing for coagulation, viscosity <20 mPa s volumes large. Motionless mixers viscosity ratio <100,000 1 continuous and constant flow rates residence times <30 min and flow rate ratio of <100 1. Other related sections are size reduction (Sections 16.11.8.1 and 16.11.8.3), reactors (Section 16.11.6.10), and heat transfer (Section 16.11.3.5). 

BLACK JETNESS RESULTS 5.1 Dispersant Anchor Evaluation... 

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