Japanese honeybee

Social signal peak Nasonov blend of the Japanese honeybee... 

Sasagawa H., Sasaki M., Yamaoka R. and Matsuyama S. (1997) Why does the oriental orchid Cymbidium floribundum attract the Japanese honeybee, and why does it not attract the European honeybee Abstract, 14th Annual Meeting, International Society of Chemical Ecology, Vancouver, Canada. 

Sasaki M., Ono M., Asada S. and Yoshida T. (1991) Oriental orchid (Cymbidiumpumilum) attracts drones of the Japanese honeybee (Apis cerana japonica) as pollinators. Experientia 47, 1229-1231. 

One species of Japanese honeybees defends itself from attacks by hornet predators by surrounding the hornet with a ball that consists primarily of isoamyl acetate. The ball becomes so hot that the hornet dies. 

The LC50 of dietary (5 day exposure) dalapon was more than 5000 ppm in mallards, ring-necked pheasants, and Japanese quail. The acute oral LD50 of dalapon in chickens was >5gkg. Reproduction may be affected in birds at nonlethal exposures. LC50 values for dalapon in a variety of fish species was 100 mg 1. Dalapon is only slightly toxic to moll-usks. Crustaceans and insects are most sensitive of aquatic invertebrates. Dalapon is relatively nontoxic to honeybees and terrestrial insects. 

Exposure to 2,4,5-T reduces fecundity and impairs larval development in honeybees (100-1000 ppm). It has also been reported to reduce arthropod counts in sprayed forested areas by up to 50%. Gill Ca-ATPase activity was reduced by 2,4,5-T exposure in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) and juveniles were more susceptible than adults. Studies conducted in birds (Japanese quail and mallard ducks) report liver abnormalities, proliferation of bile canaliculi, anorexia, wasting, and decreased fecundity. Many of these effects are likely attributable to dioxins that may also be present in 2,4,5-T preparations. 

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