Jacobson radical

We define J(M) to be the intersection of all maximal submodules of M and call this submodule the Jacobson radical of M. 

The Jacobson thioanilide radical cyclization chemistry has been extensively used for the synthesis of benzothiazoles as shown by the preparation of 4-fluoro-2-(3,4-dimethoxy-phenyl)benzothiazole 47 <06JMC179>. The harsh reaction conditions (K3Fe(CN)6, NaOH,... 

In the light of the more complete study of ring-halogenated triphenylchloro-methanes in this paper, the free radical hypothesis was back - if it ever was excluded in the previous paper - in the final discussion of the constitution of triphenylmethyl , now with two tautomeric triphenylmethyl radical structures in equilibrium with each other and the Jacobson dimer 1 (Scheme 2). Note that the radical was symbolized by an open valence (a thick line is used here for clarity). The strong results obtained with 3 (Scheme 1) were explained by removal of the quinoid bromine atom from 4 giving a radical 6 which tautomerized to the triphenylmethyl analogue 7. By analogy with the... 

Chemical oxidation reactions and radical-induced hydrophobic-to-hydrophilic aging processes tend to increase the water solubility of OAs and, therefore, are thought to enhance the activity of atmospheric OAs as cloud condensation nuclei (CCN). As discussed by Gysel et al. (2004), at 75-90% of relative humidity (RH) the inorganic fraction dominates the water uptake (59-80%). Nevertheless, under the same conditions of RH, between 20% and 40% of total particulate water is associated with water-soluble organic matter. More data concerning the multiphase aerosol and cloud processes, as well as the chemical reactivity of carbonaceous aerosol components, have been compiled in the reviews of Jacobson et al. (2000), Kanakidou et al. (2005), and Poschl (2005) (and references therein). 

Ziegler et al. undertook their experiments with a compound which they believed to be hex-aphenylethane [167]. In 1968, it was shown that the dimer of the triphenylmethyl radical is not hexaphenylethane, but l-diphenyhnethylene-4-triphenylmethyl-2,5-cyclohexadiene [168, 169] in accordance with a proposal made by Jacobson in 1905 [170]. 

Predecessors (Global-through- urban) GCMOM (247 reactions, 115 species) bulk or size-resolved aqueous-phase sulfate, nitrate, organics, chlorine, oxidant, radical chemistry (64 kinetic reactions) size-resolved, prognostic aerosol/cloud with complex processes feedbacks Direct/indirect effects AQ/health effect 2002, 2004a, b), Jacobson et al. (2004, 2007), Jacobson (2006)... 

Stevens et al. have proposed another likely mechanism for the Jacobson synthesis where a single-electron transfer process appears to operate. Here thiobenzamide reacts with the base to generate thiolate ion that undergoes oxidation to form a thiol radical shown below. The thiol radical can attack the unsubstituted ortho position and form a five-membered ring that aromatizes through the elimination of a hydrogen radical and form benzothiazole. Stevens et al. during this study also noted that the availability... 

Benavente, C.A., and Jacobson, E.L., 2008. Niacin restriction upregulates NADPH oxidase and reactive oxygen species (ROS) in human keratinocytes. Free Radical Biology Medicine. 44 527-537. 

Keywords Cyclic polymers Jacobson-Stockmayer equation Living radical polymerization Ring-closure... 

Vatassary GT, Smith WE, Quach HT. Ascorbic acid, glutathione and synthetic antioxidants prevent the oxidation of vitamin E in platelets. Lipids 1989 24 1043 1047. Jacobson HN. Dietary standards and future developments. Free Radical Biol. Med. 1987 3 209-213. 

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